Term
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Definition
| 1. History begins with the first writings |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. the settlement into farming from hunting and gathering that made civilization possible |
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Term
| Characteristics of Civilization |
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Definition
1. culture
2. government
3. diversified economy
4. technology
5. religion
6. written language
7. urbanization |
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Term
| Fertile Crescent/Mesopotamia |
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Definition
| 1. “the land between the 2 rivers” –Tigris and Euphrates |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Sumerian written language using wedge-shaped symbols on clay tablets |
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Term
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Definition
1. the epic poem of Sumeria
2. details the lives of Gilgamesh |
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Term
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Definition
1. Sumeria was a theocracy believing that the cities were ruled by gods and goddesses
2. Patesi- priest kings/priestesses who claimed to be able to manipulate the gods |
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Term
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Definition
1. building from which patesi ruled
2. example of Sumerian culture |
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Term
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Definition
1. from Akkad
2. conquered Sumeria to create the first empire in history |
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Term
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Definition
1. created the Code of Hammurabi; strict justice
2. Code of Hammurabi-“an eye for an eye”, parents ruled over the marriage of the children, the father was the overwhelming ruler of the house |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. 1st to use iron weapons |
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Term
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Definition
1. first true military society in history
2. military trained regularly and thoroughly
3. used chariots and archery
4. used the battering ram and terrorized their opponents |
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Term
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Definition
1. Cyrus the Great- expanded from modern Iran to take over Fertile Crescent
2. Darius the Great-expanded empire to the Indus river valley
a. used satraps- governor of 1 of 20 Persian districts
b. “eyes and ears of the king”
c. built the Royal Road
3. Zoroastrianism-gave idea of one god, supreme God and an evil competing entity |
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Term
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Definition
1. collection of city-states around Lebanon
2. oligarchy- rich ruling group of people are head of gov’t
3. 1st explorers and colonizers: Britain, Baltics, and islands off of Africa
4. main colony=Carthage
5. Phonic Alphabet |
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Term
| Hebrews and their contributions |
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Definition
1. Diaspora- the expulsion of the Jews from Palestine in 70 AD
2. Contributions- monotheism, concepts of progress, justice and equality |
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Term
| Ancient Egyptian Civilization |
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Definition
1. Culture- pyramids; almost equal gender rights
2. Government- bureaucratic/federalist; pharaohs; governors held in high esteem
3. Religion- polytheistic (Osiris, Isis, Set, Ra); pharaohs are gods on earth
4. Written Language- hieroglyphics/deciphered by the Rosetta Stone
5. Economic System- upper class=gov’t officials
-middle class=merchants, artisans, scribes, tax collectors
-lower class=land workers (most common)
6. Technology- advanced mathematics, distinctive art style, embalming, medicine
7. Urbanization- Giza, Cairo, Thebes
-most lived on farms |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. unifies Upper and Lower Egypt |
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Term
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Definition
1. aka Amenhotep IV
2. weakened Egypt through monotheism/loyalty decreased and invaders defeated Egypt |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. sharing of local and national power |
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Term
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Definition
1. very urbanized + different houses= social classes
2. able to hold 40,000 people w/ complex sewer system
3. Written language-pictographs on tiles |
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Term
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Definition
1. an Indo-European people from across the Hindu Kush
2. nomadic
3. developed Sanskrit |
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Term
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Definition
1. a set of rigid social categories which determined a person’s place in society
2. Untouchables- the lowest of the low; not considered human |
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Term
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Definition
a. a single force in the universe-Brahman
b. reincarnation
c. karma & dharma
d. yoga designed to lead to unity with Brahman
e. multitude of gods/ sometimes no gods
f. religion
g. different levels of humanity |
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Term
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Definition
a. reincarnation
b. at the end of our earthly cycle, we are one with the Great World Soul
c. meditation leads us to nirvana
d. no gods
e. belief system; not a religion
f. always speak well of others; all people essentially equal |
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Term
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Definition
1. grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, the former of the Mauryan Empire
2. most important ruler
3. converted to Buddhism
a. sent Buddhists missionaries abroad
b. created law code |
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Term
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Definition
1. Hindu princes established this empire
2. Hinduism is India’s major religion
3. art and literature flourished
4. advancement of science and math
5. fall to the Huns |
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Term
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Definition
| . a fruitful and productive region in which the Chinese civilization started |
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Term
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Definition
1. aristocracy- wealthy rulers and generational power
2. Oracle Bones- used to communicate to the gods so the gods could answer questions |
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Term
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Definition
1. the idea that heaven kept order through the Zhou king
2. king expected to be responsible for ruling well and efficiently
3. dynastic cycle- at the end of a dynasty, a new dynasty would arise and given power through the Mandate of Heaven
4. famine or natural disaster means king is bad; get rid of him |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. the idea that a child was to be subordinate and put the desires of the father first |
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Term
| Structure of Chinese Society |
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Definition
1. Peasants work the lords’ land and merchants live within a lords’ city
2. slaves were below everyone |
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Term
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Definition
started by Confucius, a 6th century BC philosopher
a. Analects- teachings of Confucius
b. the needs of the individual are lesser than the needs of the whole
c. leaders play important role in society |
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Term
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Definition
| people shouldn’t have to work to improve the lives of the whole |
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Term
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Definition
humans are evil
a. a strong ruler was needed for society to prosper; pessimistic |
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Term
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Definition
1. China’s 1st emperor
2. extended China down to Vietnam
3. Used legalism as official state philosophy
4. Centralized China w/ road and canal system & single monetary system
5. Started the Great Wall |
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Term
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Definition
1. Confucianism is official philosophy
2. Wudi- emperor who increased China to its height
3. Silk Road- connects China to Roman Empire
4. Gunpowder is invented |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. inventor of paper in China |
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Term
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Definition
1. located on Crete
2. named after King Minos
3. one of five capitals is Knossos
4. Aspects of Minoan Civilization
a. merchant/seafarers
b. more gender equality(?); worship goddess
c. no walls=lack of ability to defend themselves
d. writing is indecipherable
e. How ended? Volcanic eruption + tidal waves; invasion of Mycenaeans |
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Term
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Definition
1. lived during the “Greek Dark Age”
2. wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey
3. seen as a historian, religious recorder, and taught arête (Greek courage and honor) |
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Term
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Definition
1. polis-grew from village after Dark Age
2. Politics
a. 1st aristocracies
b. phalanx would allow for tyranny
c. Tyranny would develop into either an oligarchy or democracy |
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Term
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Definition
1. Greek military tactic consisting of soldiers carrying spears in rows and columns
2. easy penetration into opposing army’s territory
3. sparked the idea of democracy |
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Term
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Definition
1. Solon
a. abolishes slavery
b. creates law code
2. Pisistratus
a. redistributes land to poor (socialist)
b. began massive building program
3. Cleisthenes
a. *establishes Athens’ democratic gov’t* |
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Term
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Definition
1. Assembly: consisted of 500 males who were administrators of day-to-day matters
2. Athens=direct democracy
3. Ostracism-banishment for 10 years |
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Term
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Definition
1. controlled most of southern Peloponnesus Peninsula
2. Society
a. Peers (natives of Sparta) -15%
b. Perioikoi (“those who live around”)
c. Helots (slaves) 80%
3. Militarism was core of Spartan Life
4. Gov’t
a. 2 Kings- led soldiers into battle
b. 5 ephors –elected for a year/responsible for citizen conduct
c. Council of 28- decide issues that need to be presented to Assembly
d. Assembly-all male/vote yes or no w/o debate |
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Term
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Definition
1. captured Ionian Greeks, helped by Athens, rebelled against Persia
2. Darius decides to punish Athens
3. Major Battles
a. Marathon
b. Thermopylae (Leonidas’ stand)
c. Salamis (trireme-ship w/ battering rams and 3 layers of oars)
d. Plataea (Xerxes withdraws and Greeks win)
4. Themistocles takes command of Athens after Marathon
5. Aftermath-Sparta still isolated and Athens is dominant Greek polis |
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Term
| Golden Age of Greece aka Age of Pericles |
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Definition
1. Pericles-Athens most influential citizen and politician
2. Delian League
a. alliance of Athens with most Greek city-states
b. purpose- protect vs. future Persian attack
c. other city-states paid tribute to Athens for protection
d. Athens used money for own projects
e. Resentment causes Corinth to retract and prompts the Peloponnesian War |
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Term
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Definition
1. Peloponnesian League (Sparta) vs. Delian League (Athens)
2. Course of war
a. Athens goes offensive at sea; stays behind protective walls
b. Plague hits Athens; 1/3 of pop. die
c. Spartan exchange w/ Persia – Navy for Ionia
d. Athens wastes resources trying to take Syracuse
e. Sparta wins Battle at Aegospotami; Athens surrenders
3. Effects
a. Athens declines; Sparta rises
b. cost of war causes loss of Greek prosperity
c. opens door to rise of Macedonia |
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Term
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Definition
1. After Athens’ defeat, Thebes is most important polis & taken over by Macedonia
2. Philip II
a. Improved phalanx and cavalry
b. Battle of Chaeronea-defeated many Greek city-states except Sparta
c. planned invasion of Persia before dying and succeeded by son…
3. Alexander the Great
a. built empire to India and Persia
b. pupil of Aristotle
c. never lost a battle |
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Term
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Definition
1. worked on cylinders, spheres, and pi
2. developed the water pump and many defensive devices |
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Term
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Definition
1. Stoicism-avoid pain/don’t seek pleasure
-founder=Zeno
2. Epicureanism-humans follow self-interest as a basic motivating force
-pleasure=the only true good |
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Term
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Definition
1. settlement of the Tiber River Valley by the Latins
2. captured by the Etruscans but gained independence |
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Term
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Definition
1. 2 levels of citizens-Patricians and Plebeians
2. 2 Consuls served as the executives
3. Senate-300 people who were supposed to be advisors; instead made all policy
4. Tribune-10 plebeians who could veto laws; only came about after threat to not fight |
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Term
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Definition
1. Republic’s law code
2. Engraved on 12 tablets placed in the Forum
3. Rome later developed the Law of Nations, aka natural law |
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Term
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Definition
1. had to conquer the Gauls, Etruscans, and Greeks to get Italy to itself
2. after this accomplishment, Roman Confederation- conquered are allies of Rome |
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Term
| Punic Wars (Rome V. Carthage) |
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Definition
1. 1st Punic War
a. fought over Strait of Messina and Rome wins gaining Sicily
2. 2nd Punic War
a. Hannibal invades Italy from north, defeats Rome at Cannae
b. Rome invades Carthage at Zama, led by Scipio. Rome takes over Spain
3. 3rd Punic War
a. inspired by Cato the Elder
b. leads to total destruction of Carthage
4. Effects of Expansion
a. Rome has Mediterranean, Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, and Palestine |
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Term
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Definition
1. small farmers back in Italy can’t compete w/ slave labor
2. Migrate to city, and gov’t gives “Bread and Circuses” |
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Term
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Definition
1. Populares-want land redistribution
2. Optimates- “best people”; want things to stay the same |
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Term
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Definition
1. head the Populares
2. assassinated but doesn’t quiet reform |
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Term
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Definition
1. Marius- Consul who makes special army loyal only to him; Populare
2. Sulla- given official army by Senate
3 .Sulla wins war and named dictator; provides some stability |
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Term
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Definition
1. part of 1st Triumvirate w/ Crassus and Pompey; gets power among the urban
2. All 3 have military power, Caesar in Gaul; after death of Crassus, Senate gives army to Pompey
3. Caesar crosses the Rubicon, defeats Pompey, and named dictator |
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Term
| Rise of Octavian/Augustus |
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Definition
1. used his close connections with Julius to turn many legions to his cause; took over Western Rome
2. captured the Eastern Empire when Marc Antony was defeated at Actium
3. Symbolically gave up power to Senate, but kept control with militaristic power |
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Term
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Definition
1. Politically:
a. finished the conquest of Spain, Galatia, and the Balkans
b. reorganized the Roman army and established a navy
c. built road and public works projects
2. Economically:
a. revised tax structure and governmental financial system
3. Socially:
a. encouraged marriage and the raising of children
b. encouraged adherence to the old Roman religion/Temples
c. many great writers flourished under his rule |
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Term
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Definition
1. Augustan poet
2. wrote the Aeniad as a way to honor Rome and its citizens |
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Term
| Roman Architecture/Engineering |
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Definition
| 1. use of concrete=taller, bigger buildings |
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Term
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Definition
1. Commodus- made peace with the Germans; killed by Praetorian guard
2. Septimius Severus- marched into Rome, took power by force
-ignored Senate rulings
-increased taxes
-next 22 emperors are all generals who seize control
3. “Disastrous Third Century”
-Gov’t ignores outlying areas
-barbarians raid the border
-trade declines and prices rise |
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Term
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Definition
1. divided empire into 2 parts
2. issued “price edict” meant to half inflation |
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Term
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Definition
1. moved official capital to Byzantium aka Constantinople
2. required workers to not move so as sons have their father’s jobs
2. Edict of Milan-made Christianity legal |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Theodosius makes Christianity official state religion |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Peter is said to have been given it; the pope |
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Term
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Definition
1. Peter-“bishop” of Rome
2. Paul- “Apostle to the Gentiles”
-largely responsible for making Christianity a universal faith |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. largely comes from Roman gov’t: Pope, archbishops, bishops, Parish priests |
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Term
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Definition
1. Battle of Adrianople-defeat Romans and break into Empire
2. Must join with Romans to defeat Huns at Chalons; after doing so, “barbarians” clearly in charge |
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Term
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Definition
1. Arabs are polytheistic nomads, w/ Allah as supreme god
2. Sheikh=tribal chieftain
3. Muhammad- arrived at his beliefs by meditating on a hill; Angel Gabriel came to him
-had to overcome persecution before trekking Middle East land w/ 30 followers |
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Term
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Definition
1. city where Muhammad started
2. Returned to Mecca w/ 10,000 men from Medina and Mecca surrendered |
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Term
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Definition
1. Muhammad is the last prophet of God, Allah
2. pray five times a day
3. give alms to the poor
4. refrain from eating or drinking from dawn to sunset during Ramadan
5. make a pilgrimage to Mecca/Hajj |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Everyday Muslim rules: no gambling, eating pork, drinking alcohol, engaging in dishonest behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. it’s okay to have war as long as it is for the spread of Islam |
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Term
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Definition
1. Shiite-caliph should be of direct lineage of Muhammad (Iraq, Iran, Lebanon) <15%
2. Sunni- Rest of world -85% |
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Term
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Definition
1. Ali is assassinated & governor of Assyria becomes caliph
2. launches military campaign to spread Islam in Europe and the Indus
3. Shiites disagree w/Umayyad control |
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Term
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Definition
1. Build new capital at Baghdad
2. allowed non-Arabs equal participation in society and support intermarriage
3. Eventually, central gov’t grew weaker and outlying provinces break away |
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Term
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Definition
1. Turks convert to Islam
2. Ruler known as Sultan
3. Refused to allow Christians to travel to Holy Land |
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Term
| Manorialism and Feudalism |
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Definition
1. Subinfeudation- the process by which German kings divided land among their nobles who in turn divided land
2. Feudal contract- agreement reached between a lord and his vassal where lord protects the vassal and vassal serves the lord
3. vassal- person below someone on the feudal food chain
4. Homage and Investiture- the Church blesses the feudal system
5. fief- what a vassal receives in this
6. serf- vassal w/o vassals
7. manor- the land a serf is bound to
8. knights follow the Code of Chivalry |
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Term
| Missionaries of the Church |
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Definition
1. St. Patrick-British Isles
2. St. Boniface-Germans
3. St. Cyril & Methodius-Slavs |
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Term
| St. Jerome, Benedict, and Augustine |
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Definition
1. St. Jerome- translated the Bible into Latin
2. St. Benedict- founder of monasticism
3. St. Augustine- philosophy |
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Term
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Definition
1. a solemn way of life was the way to fully commit oneself to God
2. monks lived in monasteries and were seen as the ideal Christians
3. provided the missing things in society: education, hospitality, and refuge for the sick |
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Term
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Definition
1. Foundation under Clovis
2. Charles Martel- begins Carolingian Dynasty
a. led Franks at Battle of Tours
3. Pepin- named by pope to be king
a. defeated Lombards in Italy
b. “donation of Pepin” –foundation of the papal states
4. Charlemagne- built largest European medieval Empire
a. used federalism- district ruled by count; missi dominici- “king’s eyes and ears”
b. sponsored Carolingian Renaissance
5. Treaty of Verdun- splits empire among Charlemagne’s 3 grandsons; France and HRE |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. secret to Viking success=very good ships |
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Term
| Revival of Agriculture and Trade |
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Definition
1. better equipment
2. 3 field crop rotation |
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Term
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Definition
1. Urban II-calls the Council of Clermont to regain Holy Land from Turks
2. Motives- lords sought new land
a. adventure
b. merchants hoped for new markets
c. common people went to be free of serfdom
d. remission of sins
3. Course
a. Crusade of Pope Urban- took Jerusalem and set up 4 Crusader States
-came home
b. Crusade of St. Bernard- started when Edessa was taken by the Turks
-Bernard of Clairvaux preaches a new Crusade
-counterproductive; more Turk pressure in Holy Land
c. Crusade of the 3 Kings-Saladin recaptures Jerusalem
-Phillip Augustus of France, Richard the Lionhearted, and Frederick Barbarossa answer pope’s call
-only Richard makes it to Holy Land and signs truce w/ Saladin to allow Christians to go to Jerusalem
d. Merchants’ Crusade-if Crusaders defeat Zara, Venice will ship them to Mideast
-pope excommunicates whole Crusade
4. Effects
a. decline in prestige of pope, power of nobles, Byzantine Empire
b. increase in power of kings, religious intolerance, technology, trade |
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Term
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Definition
1. from Normandy, takes over England at the Battle of Hastings
2. makes nobles swear to the Salisbury Oath, recognizing his authority
3. Domesday Book- census for taxation |
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Term
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Definition
1. King John abuses his power
2. Magna Carta- holds the king not above the law
3. Taxation must be approved by the “Great Council”; becomes Parliament |
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Term
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Definition
1. In France, between England and France; English have claim to French throne
2. Early in war, English win Battle of Agincourt
3. French rally around Charles VII (Valois) and Joan of Arc
4. English driven from soil
5***important for introduction of gunpowder to western warfare leading to end of feudal warfare*** |
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Term
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Definition
1. Reconquista-various Christian regions begin war to drive out Muslims
2. By late Middle Ages, Christian states(Portugal, Castile, & Aragon) defeat Granada
3. When Ferdinand of Aragon marries Isabella of Castile, join forces defeat Muslims |
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Term
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Definition
1. HRE and Poland suffer from having elected monarchs
2. local nobles dominate area
3. Russia overrun by Mongols |
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Term
| Decline of Medieval Church |
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Definition
1. King Philip IV of France captures the Pope, who dies;
2. Philip moves papacy to Avignon of France
3. Great Schism- pope elected in Rome and another in Avignon
-mutual excommunications; credibility of church questioned
-Council of Constance- popes elect 3rd pope, who rules |
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Term
|
Definition
1. 33%-40% of European population dies
2. Reactions- people shut themselves up and tried to isolate
3. Breakdown of Society- people abandoned each other; looser morals
4. Mass burials |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Universities- from Latin “universitas” –guild or corporation
a. 1st in Bologna ,then Paris and Oxford
b. Curriculum- grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy
-important classes- Law, Medicine, Theology
2. Vernacular Literature- literature written in everyday speech
a. Troubadour poetry- story telling of a knight’s love for a lady
b. Chanson degeste- a heroic epic |
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Term
|
Definition
1. a medieval philosophical and theological system which tried to reconcile science and faith
2. St. Thomas Aquinas- most important medieval thinker; Summa Theologica |
|
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Term
| Romanesque and Gothic Architecture |
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Definition
1. Romanesque Architecture- use of barrel vaulting and rounded arches
-not much architectural support=few windows=darkness
2. Gothic Architecture- light and airy
-very open and tall
-use of flying buttresses, groined vaulting, and pointed arches allowing more weight
-better support=more windows=light ie. Rose windows |
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Term
| Renaissance characteristics |
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Definition
1. more interest in this world
2. more interest in humanity (humanism)
3. more interest in ancient Greece and Rome
4. a more urban society |
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Term
| Why in Italy (Rennaisance) |
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Definition
1. Wealthy patrons sponsor intellectual and cultural activity (Medici family)
2. Competition between Italian city-states
3. Remains of Roman Civilization
4. Influx of Byzantine scholar after Constantinople falls to Turks |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Author of The Prince
2. Father of modern political science
3. famous principle: “the end justifies the means” |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. author of The Praise of Folly
2. used satire to criticize society for its backwardness |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. Vesalius
a. author of On the Fabric of the Human Body
b. “father of anatomy”
2. William Harvey
a. laid foundation for physiology w/ work on blood circulation
3. Copernicus
a. author of On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
b. developed heliocentric theory
c. supported by Kepler (elliptical orbits) and Galileo (telescope)
4. Sir Isaac Newton
a. works indicated that the natural world need not be mysterious but was like a giant machine
5. Gutenberg
a. inventor of the printing press |
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Term
| Reasons for Old Imperialism |
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Definition
| 1. “gold, glory, and God” |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. an economic system in which the gov’t seeks to create a good country through regulating imports and exports
2. gov’t regulation, protective tariffs, better transportation, monopolizing |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. divided the New World among Spain and Portugal
2. an imaginary line, the line of demarcation, was made in eastern South America
3. Spain got all the land to the west and Portugal the east, mainly Brazil |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. Europe sends finished goods to Africa
2. “middle passage”-slaves sent to Americas (50% Caribbean; 33% Brazil)
3. “Mercantilist goods” sent to Europe (sugar, tobacco, rice |
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Term
| Causes of the Reformation |
|
Definition
1. Religious abuses
a. selling of indulgences
b. Simony- buying a church office
c. pluralism- 1 person holding multiple church positions
d. nepotism- giving a church office to a relative
2. Political factors
a. some kings resented Rome’s interference in their political affairs
b. some wanted to take over Church property
c. inside HRE, many princes feared Charles Hapsburg
3. Economic Cause
a. the new middle class wanted a religion that encouraged the making of $
4. Social and Intellectual Causes
a. the questioning spirit of the Renaissance
b. the use of the printing press |
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Term
|
Definition
1. 95 Theses- protesting the selling of indulgences; Church excommunicates Luther
2. saved by Frederick of Saxony
3. Main teachings
a. the Bible alone is the source of religious authority
b. salvation is by faith alone
c. there exists a priesthood of all believers
d. only 2 sacraments should be practiced: baptism and communion |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Zwingli- radical Protestant
a. said Luther retained too much of the Catholic Church
2. Calvin- radical Protestantism reaches peak under his leadership
a. book Institutes of the Christian Religion adds he idea of predestination
b. tries to make ideal community in Geneva- moral code is basis of Puritanism
c. appealed to middle class for making of $
d. major groups in: Netherlands, Switzerland, and Scotland
e. important minorities are Huguenots in France and Puritans in England |
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Term
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Definition
1. insisted all baptized children need to be “re-baptized”
2. preached radical equality
3. Gov’t must be separate from religion and couldn’t contradict understanding of Bible
4. Descendants=Amish |
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Term
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1. War of the Roses- struggle between the houses of York and Lancaster for England
a. Duke of Lancaster, Henry VII, wins & establishes Tudor dynasty
b. arranges a marriage between son Arthur and Catharine of Aragon but dies |
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1. Marries Catharine of Aragon and has 1 daughter, Mary I
2. pope won’t allow Henry’s annulment w/ Catharine, so Henry makes himself head of the Church / the Act of Supremacy
3. Anne Boleyn has 1 daughter, Elizabeth I; Anne is beheaded
4. 3rd wife gives him Edward VI; 3 more marriages after that w/o heir |
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| Outcome of English Reformation |
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Definition
1. Edward dies and Mary ascends throne trying to reinstitute Catholicism
2. After Mary’s death, Elizabeth makes Anglican Church |
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1. goals: reform and regain
2. much credit to Pope Paul III
a. called for Council of Trent- reaffirmed many Church teachings
b. Index & Holy Office
Jesuits
a. founder: St. Ignatius Loyola
b. highly skilled religious order of missionaries and educators |
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1. New religious doctrines
2. Increase in literacy
3. Economic activity increases in Protestant countries
4. witch craze- 100,000 deaths
5. improvement in role of women
6. Wars of Religion
7. Church in stronger position than before |
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-served as king of Spain, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Naples and ruler of the lowlands
-feared by other states in Europe
-Tried to reinstitute Catholicism in HRE during Reformation, Civil War
-HRE attacked by Ottoman Turks led by Suleiman the Magnificent
-Turks allied w/ French who fought from west
-Defeated the French and Turks, but less success in HRE
-Peace of Augsburg
-Depressed, gives Spain Netherlands and Naples to son, Philip II, and HRE to Ferdinand |
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-“the Catholic King”
-goals: destroy Turks; rid land of Protestants; take control of Protestant England
-Defeats Turks at naval Battle of Lepanto
-Tries to make Netherlands Catholic; defeated by William the Silent & north breaks off
-Reasons for hating England
a. England returned to Protestantism after death of Mary, his wife
b. Elizabeth helped Dutch rebellion
c. English pirates active vs. Spanish trade ships
-Spanish Armada defeated after invading England. Why?
a. type of ship is too big
b. style of fighting (soldiers, not sailors)
c. Philip’s multinational crew-languages
d. “Protestant winds”
-Spain declines; England rises |
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-Huguenots: disagree with the Catholic King
-Henry of Navarre: of the House of Bourbon; takes throne after king’s death as Henry IV; leader of the Huguenots; Peace >Theology “Paris is worth a mass”
-Edict of Nantes: gives Huguenots religious freedom; makes Catholicism official religion |
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-Bohemia became largely Calvinist by 1600; Catholic nephew of emperor put in charge and Bohemians revolt (begins war 1618)
-Early on, Hapsburgs (Spain and HRE) win most battles, but others join in fearing Hapsburg strength and growth
-Swedes led by Gustavus Adolphus **********
-France joins fight VS. Hapsburgs
-Peace of Westphalia: each German state independent and allowed to pick own religion; France and Sweden gain territory; German population and land are devastated |
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-Mary Stuart’s son takes throne after death of Elizabeth
-Absolutist: controlled everything; above the law; ruled as though Parliament didn’t exist;
-son is Charles I |
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-absolutist
-imprisoned debtors and political opponents
-Invaded the House of Commons sparking the English Civil War
-Star Chamber Court: secret, unfair court proceedings |
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-king tried to arrest seditious Parliament leaders and refused to abdicate control of armed forces
-Cavaliers: supported king; Roundheads: supported Parliament
-Cavaliers defeated at the Battle of Naseby |
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-during the rule of Oliver Cromwell
-deemed the state a “Commonwealth:”
-arbitrary rule; strict moral code and Puritan ideas
-disbanded Parliament when disagreed
-many revolts |
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-reinstitution of the House of Lords, monarchy, and Church of England
-Religious problems led to England’s first two political parties
-Tories: lesser nobles who supported king; Whigs: fought for strong Parliament and Protestantism
-Exclusion Act: passed by Whigs so James II couldn’t ascend the throne
-Tories won after the Habeas Corpus Act
-H C Act: guarantees individual rights; writ of habeas corpus-why brought in; nor arrest w/o cause; speedy trials and double jeopardy |
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-tried to restore Catholicism did James II so Parliament invited William and Mary
-James fled to France w/o blood |
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