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| One of the most influential early French socialist thinkers. He called the industrial revolution the age of gold, and the aristocracy parasites. He held that the key to progress was proper social reform. |
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| An influential French thinker who envisaged a socialist utopia of self-sufficient communities. He was an early proponent of the emancipation of women, and of the abolition of marriage. His call for love unions with sexual freedom made many see the socialist revolution as shocking and doubly dangerous. |
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| In the time of chaos after a failed Italian unification under a republican government in 1848, he turned against most modern trends, including Italian unification. |
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the most famous early reformer in Britain. He was a British official, and a follower of Jeremy Bentham, whose philosophy was utilitarianism. This view taught the “greatest good for the greatest number.
He invented the sewage system. His report became the basis of Great Britain’s first public health law. |
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| This is the belief that people contract diseases when they breathe the bad odors of decay and putrefying excrement. |
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| broke the miasmic theory, instilled germ theory, the idea that disease is caused by the spread of living organisms. Louis also discovered that growth of living organisms could be suppressed by heating, pasteurization. |
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| Began developing pure cultures of bacteria in order to identify disease-speading organisms. This led to vaccines and sterilization of hospital tools. |
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| Wrote Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management, or Mrs. Beeton's cookbook. Dealt with all topics a Victorian woman would need to know about. |
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| one of the most moving romantic painters in France, he was a master of dramatic and colorful senses. Was both fascinated with exotic subjects, and passionate for freedom. |
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| a shocking realist. He put taboo subjects under the microscope. In Madame Bovary, He showed this vividly by writing the story of a woman’s adulterous affairs. |
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| France’s greatest romantic master in both poetry and prose. One of his most famous works is the Hunchback of Notre Dame. |
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| These two brothers were particularly successful in saving German fairy-tales form oblivion. |
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| the greatest of all Russian poets, he used his lyric genius to mold the modern literary language of Russia. |
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| a German anti-semmetic, he made a political party called the Christian Socialists. |
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| a Jewish journalist who, in the face of rising anti-semmetism, turned from German nationalism to Jewish nationalism, or Zionism. |
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| a German revisionist who tried to update Marxist doctrine. In his work, Evolutionary Socialism, Bernstein argued that Marx’s predictions were proven false. |
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| a moderate Socialist leader in France who repudiated revisionist doctrines to establish a unified socialist party, but he remained at heart a gradualist. This tension split Russian Marxists. |
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| founded the largest revivalist state for Islam called Sokoto Caliphate. This state illustrated the pattern of Islamic revival in Africa. |
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| an imam of Omam who greatly affected the advance of Islam to East Africa. |
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| This king of Belgium assisted in raising public support of European colonization in Africa by signing treaties with African chiefs and planted his flag on the Congo River. He intentionally misled leaders of other European Nations. The Berlin Conference by Otto von Bismarck recognized Leopold’s rule over the neutral Congo State. |
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| a pious local leader heavily involved in resisting British colonization who led a revolt against foreign control of Egypt and massacred a British force. However, he was later defeated by the British so badly because they used the newly made machine gun. |
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| a talented Zulu leader who successfully consolidated the Zulu, Tswana, Swazi, and Sotho peoples into stronger states in Southern Africa. |
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| An agent that proved effective in controlling attacks of malaria. |
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| he first gained power as a champion of Public Education, but became known for his Imperialistic ideals. He held that it benefitted France in her competition with Germany |
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| wrote “The White Man’s Burden” His ideas won wide acceptance among those who supported America’s imperialistic ambitions. |
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| This radical English Economist wrote a negative response to the unpopular South-African War entitled “Imperialism.” Though the economics were ignored, he hit Europeans morally by condemning their racism. |
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| a Polish-born novelist who wrote a book called "Heart of Darkness" which characterized the pure selfishness in Europeans colonizing Africa. |
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| a sultan of the Ottoman Empire who realized the need for reform to oppose the Europeans. However, the janissaries refused to use "Christian" equipment so the revolt was crushed and Selim executed. |
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| a short-lived period of reforms in the Ottoman Empire bringing about a temporary parliament based on the western model. |
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| an Albanian born Turkish general who stepped into the power vacuum in Egypt after the previous rulers were expelled by Turks. He sought to establish his own independent state with a large European-style army. Encouraged Industrial reform in Egypt, and almost got his independent state, but instead got hereditary leadership from the Turkish government. By the end of his life, Egypt was virtually independent. |
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| A group of fervent patriots who seized power in the revolution of 1908, forcing the conservative sultan to implement reforms. Paved way for modern Turkey. |
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| a writer and thinker who was influential and represented those who preached islamic regeneration and opposition toward Western Aggression. He required the purification of religious beliefs, the unity of all Muslim peoples, and revolutionary overthrow of corrupt Muslim rulers and foreign exploiters. |
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| a more moderate thinker than al-Afghani who launched the Modern Muslim Reform Movement which returns to the early doctrines of Islam and the original texts. |
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| A man who represented those who found inspiration from the West. In "The Liberation of Women," he argued that superior education women contributed to the European world's greater advancement. |
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| Great Mutiny/Great Revolt |
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| the last armed resistance to the British in India. |
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| an Indian writer and reformer who sought to reconcile the values of the modern west and their own traditions. He espoused a modern Hinduism founded on Upanishads, Hinduism’s ancient sacred texts. |
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| Thomas Babington Macauley |
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| in his capacity as a colonial officer in India, this resolved the matter of higher education in India by strongly pushing Western education. |
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| This king of vietnam outlawed the teaching of Christianity |
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| When war between Spain and Mexico broke out in Cuba, this American man sailed into Manilla Bay and sank the Spanish fleet. America got Philippine assistance, but refused to recognized Philippine independence. |
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| This man was born in the Philippines, and after traveling to Europe became involved with Philippine revolutionaries who want to make the Philippines a province. He was falsely accused of involvement with a secret society, and was sent back to Manilla for his trial and execution for sedition. In the Philippines, he became a martyr for the nationalist cause. |
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| This man initiated the Taipang revolution. He had strange visions, and after reading a tract given to him by a missionary, he believed his visions to mean that he was Jesus’ younger brother. He introduced a number of good changes, but also many, many heretical changes, in a utopian city he set up in Nanjing. The Taipang held up their “heavenly kingdom of great peace” for 10 years, before the manchus went to the Chinese officials to get an army to suppress them. |
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| The legal principle that exempts individuals from local law, applicable in China because of the agreements reached after China’s loss in the Opium War. |
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| An American Commodore was sent to Japan in 1853 to open their ports and behave like a “civilized” nation so America could have a bigger role in the Pacific. The Japanese hand was forced by gun-boat diplomacy. |
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| This is the 1867 ousting of the Tokugawa Shogunate that “restored” the power to Japanese emperors. |
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| With the cultural change of the Meiji, this influential author, began to urge Japan to pursue “civilization and enlightenment.” |
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| father of the academic field of sociology. His most important work was “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.” |
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| published “The Life of Jesus," and started a century-long search for the "historical Jesus." |
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| James Frazer was a leader in comparative religion, a specific field of anthropology. He published the Golden Bough, and used anthropology as a weapon against Christianity. |
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| Became Prime Minister four times. As Prime Minster, he did three important things: free public education, civil service reform (merit-based), and the Australian ballot (secret ballot). |
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