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| Christianity filled gap, left by implosion of Rome |
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Eastern Empire centered on Constantine and the city
named after him, first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity |
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| was Bishop of Hippo Regius (present-day Annaba, Algeria). He was a Latin-speaking philosopher and theologian who lived in the Roman Africa Province. His writings were very influential in the development of Western Christianity. Dismissed worldliness of politics, wars Emphasized spirituality stemming from steadfast devotion to God |
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(527 – 565 CE)
crystallized Roman inheritance in a new,
powerful state—Byzantine Empire
Reunification of reduced Roman Empire
Codification of preexisting Roman law
She: lowly actress,
Religiously devout
Defender of underprivileged |
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largest city of Europe, Near East for ~ 800 years
Justinian centered power in a new, hybridized
metropole
1) Military stronghold
2) Trade hub
3) Christian enclave
4) Administrative capital |
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Abandonment of Latin; popularization of Greek
Flourishing of arts, literature devoted to exploration of Christianity
Hagiography
Mosaic |
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was fought between the Byzantine Empire and Seljuq Turks
Turning Point (1071 CE) Devastating Byzantine loss to (Muslim) Seljuk Turks Muslim expansion into Asia Minor Emperor loses bulk of army Local peasants switch allegiance to Turkish regimes Collapse halted… but Byzantine emperors forced to turn to Christian West for help |
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The Dark Ages (ca. 475 – 768 CE)
1) Waning of Roman authority
Collapse of Imperial forces
Breakdown of continental political system
2) Emergence of new German principalities
Society led by warrior-caste
Usurped Roman political structures—while excluding
Romans from power
3) Expansion of Christianity
Development of administrative system for church affairs
Gradual conversion of Germans |
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a religious way of life (monks)
Offered refuge, stability
Vows of poverty, selflessness
Productive, socially-oriented
Protectors of Latin tradition
Rigidly hierarchical |
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King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) from 800 to his death in 814.
Inheritor of Frankish throne (768 CE)
Crafty politician, military leader
King who aggressively oversaw aristocracy
Extended rule over much of West, Central Europe
Devoted Christian
Patron of centers of learning (i.e. monasteries, convents)
Became close ally, protector of early Roman Catholic
Church |
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| an essential element of feudal society,[1] was the organizing principle of rural economy that originated in the villa system of the Late Roman Empire,[2] was widely practiced in medieval western and parts of central Europe, and was slowly replaced by the advent of a money-based market economy and new forms of agrarian contract. |
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Muhammad (570 – 632 CE)
Born into merchant family in Mecca
Abandoned urban life; celebrated nomadic tribalism
Revelation of Islam
Recruitment of converts
Militarization, conquests by early holy warriors of faith |
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Monotheism
“There is but one God Allah and Muhammad is his
prophet”
Accepts same god as Judaism, Christianity; believes in
afterlife
Obedience
Islam = ‘submission’
‘Five Pillars of Islam’ all emphasize subjugation
Lifestyle
Shari’a: prescriptions for regulation of daily life
Strict behavioral requirements (e.g. no alcohol, pork,
strict sexual mores) |
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political authority
is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the ruler of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah. It is a transcribed version of the Arabic word خليفة Khalīfah (help·info) which means "successor"
or "representative". |
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| language of poetry, scholarship and trade |
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The starting point of the First Crusade.
Pope Urban II (1095) resonated broadly, with: Catholic leadership European aristocracy Fervent, desperate Christians of all rank |
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| The Instigator: Byzantine Empire Defeated at Manzikert (1071) Emperor Alexius wrote to Pope asking for military assistance against Seljuks(1095) Request = a joint pact against poweful Muslim power The Target: Islamic World Seljuk Turks… … but really Muslim heartland Goal is reconquest Traditional Byzantine borders Urbanized centers in Palestine (e.g. Jerusalem) mentioned throughout Bible “Holy war for a Holy Land” The Perpetrators: European World Organized by Pope Urban II Speech at Clermont (1095) resonated broadly, with: Catholic leadership European aristocracy Fervent, desperate Christians of all ranks |
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| The Siege of Jerusalem took place from June 7 to July 15, 1099 during the First Crusade. The Crusaders stormed and captured the city from Fatimid Egypt. |
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(1063-1492)
’Reconquest’ of Iberia from Muslim control
Formally declared by Pope in 1215
Unified Spanish kingdoms
Collapsed successive Muslim regimes
Intensification of religious tensions
Between Christians, Muslims
Between Christians, Jews |
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Term
| Sack of Constantinople (1204) |
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Definition
| it destroyed parts of the capital of the Byzantine Empire as it was confiscated by Western European and Venetian Crusaders. After the capture the Latin Empire was founded and Baldwin of Flanders was crowned Emperor Baldwin I of Constantinople in the Hagia Sophia. |
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(202 BCE – 221 CE)
“The Roman Empire of Asia”
Reformed Qin excesses—did not abandon them
Maintained title of emperor
Expansive bureaucracy, tax collection
Commitment to state infrastructure projects
Fused Legalism, Confucianism in State
Confucianism
Maintained division of government into civilian, military and censorate…
… yet more benevolent and concerned with lower classes
Strong generalship, stewardship
Military
Social
Trebling of population (20M 60M)
Expansion of Chinese authority |
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| Sui Dynasty (581 – 618 CE)
Founded by Yang Jian: tyrannical, expansive
Used Daoism, Buddhism as a state ideology
Enhanced ties between population-heavy North and
agriculturally-fertile South
Tang Dynasty (618 – 907 CE)
Founded by Li Yuan: internal/external centralization
Used diplomacy to raise Chinese profile in Asia
Cultural life flourished through state patronage of Buddhism, urbanism
Torn apart by court intrigue, nomadic invaders
Song Dynasty (960 – 1279 CE)
Founded by Song Taizu: increasing decentralization
Returned to State Confucianism; retreat from
Buddhism
Used riches to offset military vulnerabilities
Paid tribute to Manchurian peoples
Formed alliance with nomadic group, Mongols
Ultimately undone by reliance on mercenary forces
stronger than Song military |
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| Civil Service Examination |
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Definition
s-t-s
Generates candidates to staff bureaucracy
Establishes provincial academies; available to all
Meritocratic: by ~1000 CE, 50% of selected candidates had not been in state office for 3+ generations |
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| chinese medival
Rural landowners… … but non-aristocratic Generated most personnel for state offices High social mobility Drove demand for international luxury goods, services Entertainment Leisure Communication |
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(ca. 1160 – 1227)
Unified tribal groups
Aggressive, capable armies who met no equal
Converted from nomadism to bureaucrats
Established the Yuan Dynasty (1260 – 1368 CE) |
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Prince Regent of Japan, First Great Patron of Buddhism in Japan.
(572 – 622 CE) Leading Japanese aristocrat; from Yamato clan Created alliances with Korean states Explored nature of Chinese power Advocated creation of new centralized government in a seventeen-article constitution Constrained privileges of nobility Expanded powers of emperor |
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Development of professional caste of military retainers at
local level
a Japanese word which is used to describe a uniquely Japanese code of conduct and a way of the samurai life, loosely analogous to the concept of chivalry. |
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general
"a commander of a force") was one of the (usually) hereditary military dictators of Japan from 1192 to 1867.
Held real power |
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the indigenous spirituality of Japan and the Japanese people
Ancestor-centric Ritual celebrations, public shrines Emphasizes purification Tied to natural beauty, national distinctiveness |
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permanent vassalage
included the labor of serfs occupying a plot of land owned by a lord of the manor in return for protection and justice and the right to exploit certain fields within the manor to maintain their own subsistence. Serfdom involved not only work in the lord's fields, but his mines, forests and roads. |
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| code of conduct, emphasizing charity towards church, defenseless, defeated |
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| Became very wealthy through trade during the high middles ages |
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| In the Middle Ages lay investiture was the appointment of bishops and abbots by secular rulers, rather than by the Church. |
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Law
prohibition of the dispensation of sacraments
Pope Innocent III uses against Euro kingdoms (1200 CE)
Crusades |
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Definition
Universitas: a corporation of teachers and/or students
First University in Europe
Bologna, Italy—attracted students from across Europe
Founded in 1088; received formal charter from HRE in
1158
Student body, life
Male-only
Emphasized law, administration
Started with traditional liberal arts in lecture-based
curriculum
Examinations were oral-based |
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an Italian Dominican priest of the Catholic Church
(1225 -1274) Fascinated by Aristotle Wrote Summa Theologica Compendium to unify all received wisdom on topics Addressed over 600 different articles, topics Dialectical method Accepted truth of both faith, reason Physical world ultimately knowable Spiritual truths could not be accessed without God |
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a method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics (scholastics, or schoolmen) of medieval universities in Europe from about 1100–1500
“Study to reconcile faith and reason” Aimed to demonstrate that which was based on faith could also be learned by reason… and vice-versa |
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Climate Shift
End of ‘Warm Period’
Start of ‘Little Ice Age’
Black Death
Collapse of Productivity
Agricultural Stagnation
Manufacturing Dislocation
Political Instability
Decline of the Catholic Church |
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’ (bubonic plague carried by rats, fleas)
(Re)Emerged in China in early 1300s
Exported by East-West connections
Mongol raiders
Muslim merchants
Arrives in Byzantine, Islamic heartlands (ca. 1346)
Byzantine royal family suffers heavily
Population of Egypt only recovers to pre-1347 levels only in the mid-1800s
Most devastating natural event in European history |
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French,
c (1412 – 1431)
Rallied French troops to finish war
Killed by Inquisition
Exonerated in 1456; sainted in 1920 |
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| French Papacy & Great Schism |
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Definition
was a split within the Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417. Two men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope.
King Philip IV of France claims right to tax clergy; Pope Boniface VIII issues public condemnation Philip IV invades Rome to bring Pope to France for trial Pope’s reside in new residence in Avignon (1305 – 1377) Elected Pope returns to Rome (1377); French cardinals elect, maintain another Avignon Pope in a ‘schism’ (1377 – 1417) |
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“intense public expression about an issue that appears to
threaten the social order…” triggered when a
“condition, episode, person or group… emerges to become
defined as a threat to societal values and interests”
A controversy that involves arguments and/or
tension and is particularly difficult to resolve
because the matter at its center is taboo |
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| Mesoamerica (3 elements of definition) |
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Definition
Geographically distinct, isolated… yet free cultural exchange within that area
The history of human occupation in Mesoamerica is divided among a number of stages or periods. These are known, with slight variation depending on region, as the Paleo-Indian, the Archaic, the Preclassic (or Formative), the Classic, and the Postclassic.
Temporal.... |
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(ca. 1800 – 400 BCE)
Agricultural, nomadic practices—semi-urban
Vast trade networks
Flourishing culture—left deep regional influence
First writing system in Americas
Ritualized, ornate social life; deep class distinctions |
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First American City-State
(ca. 200 BCE – 700 CE)
City-state, centered in Valley of Mexico—unclear origins
First metropolis of Americas—apx. 200,000 residents
Political-religious hub
Market center
Agriculturally-dependent |
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Definition
(ca. 500 BCE – 800 CE)
Mountainous, agricultural
Theocratic state; more centralized
Class divisions
Priests, nobles
Artisans
Peasant-farmers
Urbanized: Monte Albá |
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Definition
(ca. 1000 BCE – 800 CE)
Contemporaries of Olmecs
Agricultural need fueled Mayan development
By 300 CE, powerful city-states and steady
agricultural production triggered Mayan golden age
Monarchy
Centered in cities
Mostly patriarchal
Polytheistic
calendars
Northern Migration (ca. 870 – 1000 CE)
Driven by drought, over-production
Emergence of rival ethnicity, the Toltecs |
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Definition
| was the capital of a conquest state that became one of the most powerful kingdoms of the ancient Maya. |
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Definition
(1100 – 1500 CE)
Arrived in Valley of Mexico (ca. 1150)
Military accomplishment: dominant force in
region (1300)
Authoritarian and semi-theocratic
Non-dynastic
Regional autonomy… for the right price
Noble-dominated
Rigidly gendered
Highly polytheistic
Belief in heaven, salvation
Fatalistic |
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was the ninth tlatoani or ruler of Tenochtitlan, reigning from 1502 to 1520. The first contact between Indigenous civilizations of Mesoamerica and Europeans took place during his reign, and he was killed during the initial stages of the Spanish conquest of Mexico, when Conquistador Hernán Cortés and his men fought to escape from the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan.
(ca. 1466 – 1520) Aggressive; expanded Aztec empire to largest size Traditional, rigid; enforced hierarchy, tribute systems |
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In precolumbian Aztec society was the designation of an organizational unit below the level of the Altepetl "citystate".
a clan or ward constituting the fundamental unit of Aztec society |
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a city in northern Ethiopia which was the original capital of the eponymous kingdom of Axum.
Situated along Nile, Red Sea Regular exchange with Arabian populations Powerful—on the Greek, Roman radar Integrated into earliest East/West trade Involved in religious tumult (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) |
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where north, east (and then west) were part of ‘known world…’
… and south was hidden away, a land and people removed from the initial encounters between civilizations. |
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the view that the Universe (Nature) and God (or divinity) are identical.
Could be mono- or polytheistic in practice Example: Ashanti (Ghana) God = Nyame Nyame’s sons Subordinate deities Served different purposes (rain, compassion, etc) Mirrored in political relationships (e.g. king :: Nyame) |
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the Muslim King of Ancient Mali
(1312 – 1337 CE) Enthusiastic patron of Islam Elaborate tax structure Defended libraries, intellectuals |
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Definition
(e.g. Congo River valley,
Zimbabwe)
Economic surplus
Material
Agriculture
Trade (locally; then internationally)
Villages formalize long-standing relationships develop king, governors |
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Definition
(e.g. Khoi, San peoples)
Herders, hunter-gatherers
Migratory |
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| a societal system in which one belongs to one's matriline or mother's lineage, which can involve the inheritance of property and/or titles. |
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| (c. 1217 – c. 1255) was the founder of the Mali Empire and celebrated as a hero of the Malinke people of West Africa in the semi-historical Epic of Sundiata. |
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Definition
(ca. 1300 – 1550)
New valuation, sanctity of human life
New emphasis upon human ingenuity
Recovery of population
Economic resurgence
Secularization
Expansion of university system
Urbanization (emerged in Italy first)
“Men can do all things if they will.” -- L.B. Alberti
Led by politicians, intellectuals, risk-takers who felt
they lived in an age of newfound possibility |
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Definition
(1304 –1374)
Humanist
Scholar: liberal arts + Greek, Roman classics
Archivist: sought out missing Latin documents
Perfectionist: Latin-only
Christian: thought himself a ‘monk of secular matters’ |
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| was an Italian poet, prose writer, literary theorist, moral philosopher, and political thinker. He is best known for the monumental epic poem La commedia, later named La divina commedia |
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| “Men can do all things if they will.” |
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(1452 – 1519)
Observer
Scientist: experimenter, innovator
Conceptualizer: from observed to ideal form
Of nature
Of ideas
Secular: servant of the state rather than church |
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a period in history starting in the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century during which Europeans engaged in intensive exploration of the world, establishing direct contacts with Africa, the Americas, Asia and Oceania and mapping the planet.
Maritime talent State sponsorship Economic ambition To control trade with Asia To find new riches Example: Prince Henry of Portugal (1394 – 1460) Collected cartographers, navigators Systematically mapped African coast |
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Term
| Italian, French models of centralization |
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Definition
Tools of centralization
Italian model: merger of merchants, aristocrats
French model: routinization of authority via strong
new policy initiatives, such as ‘taille’ tax reform |
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Definition
After Taishi’s death, successors continued to improve
central government in the Taika reforms
Taika = ‘great change’
Established Grand Council of State
Borrowed 6 Tang ministries…
… supplemented with Central Secretariat and Imperial
Household ministers
Formalized written communication
Divided Japan into administrative districts
Development of central legal, tax code |
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