Term
| What were the motivations of the Portuguese explorations? |
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Definition
| Wanted to find a sea route around Africa in order to trade in Asia for spice markets as well as mass conversions. |
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Term
| How did Martin Behaim’s globe map influence Columbus? |
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Definition
| This was the map Columbus used to get around, and though it used longitude, it was unable to use latitude. The map influences him to believe there was no other land between them and Asia. |
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Definition
| created the Gutenberg Printing Press, which was the first movable type printing press. The first book printed was Bible, and was thought to be the reason for the Reformation. |
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Definition
| Most famous northern humanist, idealistic and pacifistic. |
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Definition
| Remission of the temporal penalty of punishment in purgatory that remained after sins had been forgiven. |
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Term
| What did Martin Luther argue in his ninety-five theses? |
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Definition
| He argued against the pope and all the power of the church as well as we are saved by faith alone, not by works |
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Term
| What did Luther say at the Diet of Worms? |
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Definition
| Declared he could not act against scripture, reason, and his own conscience. |
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Term
| Describe the extent of the empire of Charles V. |
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Definition
| Parts of central Europe, Spain, parts of Italy and into modern Poland. |
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Term
| Describe the disagreement between Luther and Zwingli. |
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Definition
| He met with Luther and disagreed with the Lord’s Supper and he believed the interpretation was figurative, both literal and figurative. |
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Definition
| Believed in adult baptism and were shunned by everyone. In light of a possible political split, the government outlawed adult baptism. |
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Definition
| A reform-minded humanist and lawyer who based out of Geneva. Was kicked out of Geneva because his ideas were too strong for the people. |
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Term
| What grievances did German peasants protest? |
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Definition
| They grieved against the lord’s repression of traditional freedoms and property rights—such as the right to appoint a pastor and depose him when he conducts himself improperly. |
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Definition
| The 16th century reform movement in the Roman Catholic church in reaction to the protestant reformation |
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Term
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Definition
| Devised a spiritual program of religious and moral self-discipline called the Spiritual Exercises. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What were the results of the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre? |
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Definition
| 3000 Protestants murdered in France and led from a political batter to a full out war between Catholicism and Protestants. |
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Term
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Definition
| was issued on April 13, 1598 by Henry IV of France to grant the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic. |
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Definition
| (Spanish: Grande y Felicísima Armada, "Great and Most Fortunate Navy") was the Spanish fleet that sailed against England under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia in 1588, with the intention of overthrowing Elizabeth I of England. |
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Term
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Definition
| Perpetrated German division of political weakness into the modern period. |
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Term
| Who were the typical victims of witch-hunts? |
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Definition
| Older single women, 40-60 years old. Men would claim, and women had no say. |
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Term
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Definition
| French mathematician and physical scientist believed that reason and science had no place in religion. Believed that faith and leap of faith prevail. |
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Term
| What were the arguments of Thomas Hobbes? |
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Definition
| Unlike most, Hobbes saw the original human existence as corrupt. The only way to escape corruption is to make a contract that creates a commonwealth tightly ruled by law and order. Hobbes conceived ruler’s power as absolute and unlimited. |
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Term
| Describe the political philosophy of John Locke. |
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Definition
| Believed that all mankind was created equal and are images and property of God. This fueled the idea that those in power were there to maintain justice and peace, not to abuse their power. Absolute monarchy would not respond well with the civil society and never hold its place in civil government. |
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Definition
| a system in which government heavily regulated trade and commerce to increase national wealth |
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Definition
| The argument that Spanish treatment of native Americans was uniquely inhumane inspired by Las Casas’ writings. |
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Definition
| the grant by the Spanish crown to a colonist of the labor of a specific number of Indians for a set period of time. |
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Definition
| A large landed estates in Spanish America |
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Definition
| the first successful settlement founded in 1607 in Virginia set up by the English. |
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Definition
| The most powerful Native American tribe which fought other tribes for the Americans and the Dutch. |
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Term
| What was the Columbian Exchange? |
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Definition
| Biological exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and the rest of the world. |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually from Africa: outright possessions of their masters, indistinguishable from any material possession, had no legal rights, had no claim over their bodies, time, labor, or even children. |
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Definition
| the transatlantic crossing of ships carrying slaves from Africa to the Americas and Caribbean |
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Definition
| The second to last dynasty, very similar to the Qing dynasty |
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Term
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Definition
| The last dynasty, established foreign conquest |
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Term
| What was the Confucian view of society? |
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Definition
| That society is like a family, the father has ultimate say but looks after the family. Family is the model of society |
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Term
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Definition
| China’s largest urban, landowning class that represented local interests and functioned as a quasi-bureaucrats under the magistrates |
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Term
| Why were the Jesuits so successful in China? |
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Definition
| Brought knowledge with them into China, was fine with Confucius teachings, they knew the language. Unfortunately, they included ancestor worship as a secular piece. |
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Term
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Definition
| Meaning “great name,” these men were the most powerful feudal leaders in Japan from the 10th to the 19th century |
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Term
| What military changes brought an end to aristocratic warriors in Japan? |
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Definition
| Foot soldiers replaced the aristocratic warriors, they were larger, taxes were harder to collect, and there were uprisings often. |
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Term
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Definition
| The national consumption center and a super-castle town. By 1700 had about population 1 million |
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Term
| List the five major states of Europe. |
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Definition
| Great Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia |
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Term
| What were the differences between absolutism and parliamentary monarchy? |
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Definition
| Absolutism has one leader that has supreme power while parliamentary monarchy shares the power with the parliament |
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Term
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Definition
| English Protestants who sought to “purify” the Church of England of any vestiges of Catholicism |
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Term
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Definition
| The largely peaceful replacement of James II by William and Mary as English monarchs in 1688. It marked the beginning of constitutional monarchy by Britain |
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Term
| What was the significance of Versailles to Louis XIV? |
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Definition
| He was known as the Sun King, so the palace built at Versailles proclaimed that majesty. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rulers divinely appointed by and answerable only to God-much like a pope, only God could judge. |
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Term
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Definition
| Seeking to make Russia a military power reorganized the country’s political and economic structures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Established a permanent hold on the title of Holy Roman Emperor. Had help from locals outside the empire to maintain their position |
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Term
| In what ways was Prussia a militaristic state? |
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Definition
| They had the best army in Europe-it was a nation- yet they didn’t really use it, it was just a symbol |
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Term
| What was achieved by the wars of Louis XIV? |
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Definition
| Left France economically and politically exhausted |
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Term
| What were the results of the Seven Years’ War? |
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Definition
| Established new power balance in Europe. Created a dramatic economic and political development that would allow Europe to dominate the world for a time. |
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Term
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Definition
| The period before French Revolution’s outbreak-absolute monarchies, growing bureaucracies, and aristocratically led army. |
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Term
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Definition
| Were a Turkish dynasty that originated in the groups of western Oghuz Turks from the steppes of Central Asia who came to Anatolia as settlers and Muslim frontier warriors. |
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Term
| What happened to Constantinople in 1453? |
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Definition
| Was renamed Istanbul and fell to Sultan Mehmend II. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ottoman Ruler who was known as the lawgiver, ruled over Kurdistan and Georgia as well as Mesopotamia and Iraq. |
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Definition
| Elite Ottoman troops who were recruited through the devshirme. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sufism is a mystic tradition within Islam that encompasses a diverse range of beliefs and practices dedicated to Divine love and the cultivation of the elements of the Divine within the individual human beings. Arm is to let go of all notions and duality, and to realize the Divine unity. |
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Term
| How did Iran become Shi’ite? |
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Definition
| Safavic consolidation of power in Iran was the replacement of Sunni Island with Shiite islam. They imported religious scholars to teach Shiite religion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Descendants of the Mongols who established an Islamic Empire in India in the 16 century with its capital at Delhi. |
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Term
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Definition
| Real founder of the Mughal Empire and the Greatest Indian ruler since Ashoka. |
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Term
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Definition
| White stoned, the unparalleled tomb with its Persian styled dome that Shah Jahan built for his beloved consort, Mumtaz. |
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Term
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Definition
| Group of people who developed into a distinctive religious movement, had their own scripture, ritual, and moralistic and reformist ideals. Became a military force. |
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Term
| How did the Muslims of Central Asia become isolated? |
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Definition
| The deep religious division between the Shiite Safavids and all their Sunni neighbors proved stronger than their bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most powerful Islamic states in northwestern Sumatra who were Sunni. |
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Term
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Definition
| Largest peasant uprising of the 18th century. |
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Term
| What did the family economy mean for women? |
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Definition
| By age seven contributed to household work, most girls left home between ages of 12 and 14, and young woman’s chef goal was to accumulate a dowry. |
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Term
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Definition
| The innovations in farm production that began in the 18th century and led to the scientific and mechanized agriculture. |
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Term
| Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain? |
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Definition
| It was the largest free trade area in Europe with good roads and waterways and no internal trade barriers. The political structure was stable and property rights were secure. Banking and public credit system created a good investment climate. British society was open and allowed people who earned money to rise socially. |
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Term
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Definition
| Middle class prosperous but not immensely wealthy merchants, tradesmen, bakers, and professional people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Separate communities in which Jews were required by law to live. |
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Term
| What was the difference between Chinese and Japanese attitudes toward outside civilizations? |
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Definition
| Chinese response was occasional curiosity and general indifference. Chinese lack of interest in foreign culture. Japanese reached out for Dutch medicine and science. This greater openness helps explain their rapid advance. |
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Term
| What was the Japanese policy of seclusion? |
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Definition
| No foreigners were permitted to enter Japan and pain of death no Japanese were allowed to go abroad. Seclusion enclosed the system of Tokugawa rule, cutting off outside political contracts |
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Term
| What successes and failures did Christianity have in Japan? |
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Definition
Successes- Spread quickly because was similar to other religions in Japan. Three hundred thousand in 1600 were Christians.
-Failures- Then 20 converts were crucified. Then when 37,000 Christians died…with Christianity survived in Japan only as a hidden religion. |
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Term
| Describe family life in early modern Europe |
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Definition
| People married later on in life and they were arranged. Families were conjugal with 2 parents and 2-4 children. Infant mortality were common. Lived within a larger household, with extended family |
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Term
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Definition
| Kind who was the first king who was the head of the church of England, sarted the reformation of England. |
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Term
| List the four stages of European contacts with the rest of the world. |
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Definition
1) discovery, settlement, commerce
2) trade rivalry and american independence
3) 19th century empires in Africa and Asia
4) 20th century Decolonization |
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Term
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Definition
| The pre-Copernican explanation of the universe, which placed the Earth at the center of the universe. |
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Term
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Definition
| challenged Apianus view of the Ptolemaic system. Believed the earth revolved around the sun. |
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Term
| Explain how the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment have been the most influential movements of modern European thought. |
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Definition
| When philosophers were reexamining and rethinking theories and data from the ancient world. When brilliant people suggesting wrong as well as use full ideas. When many thinkers wrote book and papers and did experiments to present theories. |
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Term
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Definition
| Englishman who was a lawyer, royal official, and author. Father of empiricism and of experimentation in science. |
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Term
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Definition
| Englishman established a basis for physics, and gravity |
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Term
| What did John Locke say about the human mind and about natural rights? |
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Definition
| Human mind is a blank at the time of birth. That all people voluntaritly relinquish some of their freedom and contract with their rulers for the protection and preservation of their natural rights. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most influential of the philosophes who offended the Grench authorities and was imprisoned. Published many writings, believeved that human society could be improved. |
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Term
| What was the importance of Diderot’s Encyclopedia? |
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Definition
| It made a plea for freedom of expression and set forth the most advanced cirical idea in religion, government, and philosophy |
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Term
| Explain deism as the religion of the philosophes |
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Definition
| Belief in a rational God who had created the universe, but then allowed it to function without his inference according to the mechanisms of nature and a belief in rewards and punishments after death for human action |
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Term
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Definition
| Wrote the spirit of the laws, the most influential book of the century. Believed no single set of laws could apply to all peoples at all times and in all places. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most important enlightenment exposition of economics. Urged abolition of England’s mercantile system. Founder of lasissez-faire economic though and policy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Writer that raised some of the most profound social and ethical question of the Enlightenment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Writer that raised some of the most profound social and ethical question of the Enlightenment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Argued women’s rights, brought Rousseau before the judgment of the rational enlightenment ideal of progressive knowledge. Agrued that women were treated as slaves of men. |
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Term
| What reforms did Joseph II attempt? |
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Definition
| To overcome pluralism of the Habsburg holdings by increasing the power of the central monarchy in areas of political and social life. Reorganized local government in Hungary to increase the authority of his own officials. Extended freedom of worship to different religions. Bought various institutions of the Roman Catholic Church directly under his control. |
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Term
| What were the contributions of Kepler and Galileo? |
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Definition
| Both Galilei and kepler found out about our planetary orbits. Kepler discovered that to keep the sun at the center of things, you have to abandon the Copernican concept of circular orbits. Galileo believe that the smallest atom behaved with mathematics. |
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Term
| What does it mean to say that “there were virtually no social spaces that permitted women to pursue science”? |
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Definition
| They were not admitted to European universities. When various scientific societies were founded, women were not admitted to membership |
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