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world ch26
ap world
22
History
12th Grade
04/18/2010

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Cards

Term
Selim II
Definition
Ottoman sultan (1789-1807); attempted to improve administrative efficiency and build a new army and navy; assassinated by Janissaries.
Term
Mahmud II
Definition
19th Ottoman sultan who built a private, professional army; crushed the Janissaries and initiated reforms on Western precedents.
Term
Tanzimat reforms
Definition
Western-style reforms within the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; included a European-influenced constitution in 1876.
Term
Abdul Hamid
Definition
Ottoman sultan (1878 1908) who tried to return to despotic absolutism; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties.
Term
Young Turks
Definition
members of the Ottoman Society for Union and Progress: intellectuals and political agitators seeking the return of the 1876 constitution; gained power through a coup in 1908.
Term
Mamluks
Definition
rulers of Egypt under the Ottomans; defeated by Napoleon in 1798; revealed the vulnerability of the Muslim world.
Term
Muhammad Ali
Definition
controlled Egypt by 1811; began a modernization process based on Western models but failed to greatly change Egypt; died in 1848.
Term
khedives
Definition
descendants of Muhammad Ali and rulers of Egypt until 1952.
Term
Suez Canal
Definition
built to link the Mediterranean and Red seas; opened in 1869; British later occupied Egypt to safeguard their financial and strategic interests.
Term
al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh
Definition
Muslim thinkers in Egypt during the latter part of the 19th century; stressed the need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology and the importance of rational inquiry within Islam.
Term
Ahmad Orabi
Definition
student of Muhammad Abduh; led a revolt in 1882 against the Egyptian government; forced the khedive to call in British aid.
Term
Mahdi
Definition
Muhammad Achmad, the leader of a Sudanic Sufi brotherhood; began a holy war against the Egyptians and British and founded a state in the Sudan.
Term
Khalifa Abdallahi
Definition
successor of the Mahdi; defeated and killed by British General Kitchener in 1898.
Term
Nurhaci
Definition
united the Manchus in the early 17th century; defeated the Ming and established the Qing dynasty.
Term
Kangxi
Definition
Qing ruler and Confucian scholar (1661-1722); promoted Sinification among the Manchus.
Term
compradors
Definition
wealthy group of merchants under the Qing; specialized in the import-export trade on China's south coast.
Term
Lin Zexu
Definition
19-century Chinese official charged during the 1830s with ending the opium trade in southern China; set off the events leading to the Opium War.
Term
Opium War
Definition
fought between Britain and Qing China beginning in 1839 to protect the British trade in opium; British victory demonstrated Western superiority over China.
Term
Taiping Rebellion
Definition
massive rebellion in southern China in the 1850s and 1860s led by Hong Xinquan; sought to overthrow the Qing dynasty and Confucianism.
Term
Cixi
Definition
conservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty
Term
Boxer Rebellion
Definition
popular outburst aimed at expelling foreigners from China; put down by intervention of the Western powers.
Term
Puyi
Definition
last Qing ruler; deposed in 1912.
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