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| Indian National Congress: |
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| political party that grew from regional associations of Western-educated Indians in 1885; dominated by elites; was the principal party throughout the colonial period and after independence. |
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| first populist leader in India; believed that Indian nationalism should be grounded in the Hindu majority. |
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| Moreley-Minto Reforms (1909): |
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| provided Indians with expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and national legislative councils. |
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| British advisor to the Egyptian government; his reform program benefited the elite and foreign merchants, not the mass of Egyptians. |
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| prosperous business and professional urban Egyptian families; generally favored independence. |
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| 1906 fracas between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers that resulted in an accidental Egyptian death; Egyptian protest led to harsh repression which stimulated nationalist sentiment. |
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| Montagu-Chelmsford reforms (1919): |
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| increased national powers of Indian legislators and placed provincial administrations under ministries controlled by Indian-elected legislatures. |
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| placed severe restrictions on Indian civil rights; undercut impact of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms. |
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| Western-educated Indian lawyer and nationalist politician with many attributes of an Indian holy man; stressed nonviolent tactics and headed the movement for Indian independence. |
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| literally means "truth force"; Gandhi's policy of nonviolent opposition to British rule. |
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| founded in 1906 to support demands of the Muslim peoples of India against the Hindu majority; gained separate electorates and legislative seats; divided the Indian nationalist movement. |
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| Government of India Act (1935): |
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| the British retained control of the central administration and turned over provincial governments to Indians chosen by an expanded electorate. |
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| governments entrusted to victorious European World War I nations over the colonies of the defeated powers. |
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| Eastern European movement of the 1860s and 1870s that argued that Jews return to their Holy Land; eventually identified with settlement in Palestine. |
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| European Zionist who believed that Jewish acceptance in Christian nations was impossible; argued for a return to the Jewish Holy Land. |
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| Austrian Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; was indifferent to Arabs and promoted Jewish immigration into Palestine to form a Jewish state. |
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| Egyptian nationalist party founded after World War I; led by Sa'd Zaghlul; participated in the negotiations that led to limited Egyptian independence in 1922. |
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| W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey: |
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| Afro-American leaders with major impact on rising African nationalists. |
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| literary movement among Afro-Americans and Africans; sought to combat unfavorable stereotypes of African culture and to celebrate African achievements; influenced early African nationalist movements. |
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| African and Afro-African N |
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| British-American agreement; included a provision that recognized the right of all people to choose their form of government. |
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| Muslim Indian nationalist; leader of the Muslim League; worked for a separate Muslim state; first president of Pakistan. |
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| African nationalist responsible for forming the Convention Peoples Party in Ghana; leader of the 1st black African state to independence (1957). |
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| African revolutionary movement for reform of Kenyan colonial system; began a conflict in 1952; called the Mau Mau by the British. |
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| leader of Kenyan African Union, a nonviolent nationalist party; became first president of independent Kenya in 1962. |
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| National Liberation Front (FLN): |
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| Algerian nationalist movement that launched a guerrilla war during the 1950s; gained independence for Algeria in 1962. |
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| became the majority in the all-white South African legislature in 1948; worked to form the rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid. |
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