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| council of workers; seized the government of St. Petersburg in 1917 to precipitate the Russian Revolution. |
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| liberal revolutionary leader during the early stages of the Russian Revolution of 1917; attempted development of parliamentary rule but supported continuance of the war against Germany. |
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| Bolshevik wing of the Russian socialists; came to power under Lenin in the November 1917 revolution. |
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| Council of People's Commissars: |
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| government council composed of representatives from Russian soviets and headed by Lenin; came to power after November 1917. |
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| Social Revolutionary Party: |
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| majority vote winners in first elections after November 1917; removed from office by Bolsheviks. |
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| Lenin's parliamentary institution based on soviets under Bolshevik domination; replaced the Social Revolutionary Party. |
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| built up under the leadership of Leon Trotsky; its victories secured communist power after the early years of turmoil following the Russian Revolution. |
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| New Economic Policy (NEP): |
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| initiated in 1921 by Lenin; combined the state establishing basic economic policies with individual initiative; allowed food production to recover. |
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| Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR): |
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| Russian federal system controlled by the Communist Party established in 1923. |
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| communist controlled parliament of the USSR. |
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| Communist International, an organization under dominance of the USSR; designed to encourage the spread of communism in the rest of the world. |
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| Lenin's successor as leader of the USSR; strong nationalist view of communism; crushed opposition to his predominance; ruled USSR until his death in 1953. |
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| creation of large state-run farms replacing individual holdings; allowed mechanization of agriculture and more efficient control over peasants. |
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| Stalin's plans to hasten Soviet industrialization; constructed massive factories for heavy industries at the expense of consumer goods. |
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| 20-member executive committee of the Communist Party. |
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| built in 1961 to prevent the flight of East Germans to the West; dismantled in 1990. |
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| Polish labor movement formed in the 1970s under Lech Walesa; challenged Soviet- dominated rule of Poland; later a dominant force in independent Poland. |
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| Soviet effort to replace Western in literature and the arts with works glorifying state-approved achievements by the masses. |
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| Russian author of works critical of the Soviet regime; included the trilogy on Siberian prison camps, the Gulag Archipelago. |
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| Russian writer persecuted by the communist state. |
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| leader of the Soviet Union from 1956; attacked Stalinist methods of rule; lost power because of conservative opposition. |
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| first manned spacecraft in 1957; initiated a space race with the United States. |
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| leader of the USSR (1985-1991); inaugurated major reforms that led to the disintegration of the communist regime. |
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| term meaning openness; Gorbachev policy opening the opportunity to criticize the government. |
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| term meaning economic restructuring; Gorbachev policy for the economic rebuilding of the USSR by allowing more private ownership and decentralized economic control. |
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| elected successor to Gorbachev; defeated coup effort by former communists; presided over reform efforts 2000. |
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