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| Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabela of Castile: |
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| monarchs of Christian kingdoms; their marriage created the future Spain; initiated exploration of New World. |
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| grants of estates Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Latin America; established a framework for relations based on economic dominance.. |
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| 1st island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards by Columbus on his second voyage. |
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| Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of native American population; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights. |
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| led expedition to Mexico in 1519; defeated Aztec empire and established Spanish colonial rule. |
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| last independent Aztec ruler; killed during Cortés's conquest. |
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| capital of New Spain built on ruins of Tenochtitlan. |
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| Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system. |
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| began conquest of Inca empire in 1535. |
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| Francisco Vácquez de Coronado: |
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| led Spanish expedition into the southwestern United States in search of gold. |
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| Spanish conqueror of Araucanian Indians of Chile; established city of Santiago in 1541. |
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| forced labor system replacing Indian slaves and encomienda workers; used to mobilize labor for mines and other projects. |
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| biological and ecological exchange that occurred following European arrival in the New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to the Americas; animals, plants, and diseases moved between Old and New Worlds. |
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| largest New World silver mine; located in Bolivia. |
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| greatest mercury deposit in South America; used in American silver production. |
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| rural agricultural and herding estates; produced for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy. |
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| Spanish Board of Trade operated out of Seville; regulated commerce with the New World. |
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| merchant guild of Seville with a virtual monopoly over goods shipped to Spanish America; handled much of silver shipped in return. |
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| large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World Colonies to Spain; basis of convoy system utilized for transportation of bullion. |
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| concluded in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession; in the New World Brazil went to Portugal and the rest to Spain. |
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| body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish New World possessions; bases of law in the Indies. |
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| Spanish government body that issued all laws and advised king on all issues dealing w/ the New World colonies. |
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| university-trained lawyers from Spain; basic personnel of the Spanish colonial bureaucratic system. |
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| major divisions of Spanish New World colonies headed by direct representatives of the king; one based in Lima, the other in Mexico City. |
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| royal courts of appeals established in Spanish New World colonies; staffed by professional magistrates who made and applied laws. |
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| Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz: |
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| 17th century author, poet, and musician of New Spain; gave up secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual matters. |
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| Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; landed Brazil in 1500. |
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| areas along the Brazilian coast granted to Portuguese nobles for colonial development. |
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| backswoodsmen from São Paulo, Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during 17th century. |
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| Brazilian region where gold was discovered in 1695; a gold rush followed. |
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| Brazilian port used for mines of Minas Gerais; became capital in 1763. |
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| Spanish American social system based on racial origins; Europeans on top, mixed race in middle, Indians and African slaves at the bottom. |
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| Spanish-born residents of the New World. |
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| people of European ancestry born in Spanish New World colonies; dominated local economies; ranked socially below peninsulares. |
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| clubs and associations dedicated to reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvement rather than political reform. |
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| War of the Spanish Succession: |
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| caused by the succession of the Bourbon family to the Spanish throne in 1701; ended by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, territorial loss, and grants of commercial rights to English and French. |
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| Spanish enlightened monarch (1759-1788); instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire. |
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| opened trade in ports of Spain and the Indies to all Spanish merchants during the reign of Charles III; undercut monopoly of consulados. |
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| Spanish Minister of the Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate creoles from the upper colonial bureaucracy; created intendants for local government. |
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| Prime Minister of Portugal (1755-1776); strengthened royal authority in Brazil, expelled the Jesuits, enacted fiscal reforms, and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy. |
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| a popular revolt against Spanish rule in new Granada in 1781; suppressed due to government concessions and divisions among rebels. |
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| Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many in the lower social classes; revolt failed because of creole fears of real social revolution. |
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