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| desert running across northern Africa; separates the Mediterranean region from the rest of Africa. |
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| a form of pastoralism; involves moving from one region to another according to the season. |
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| carries sleeping sickness that severely limits pastoralism in western and central Africa. |
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| a language family that originated in eastern Nigeria; migrated into central and southern Africa; an agricultural people. |
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| a state in the Ethiopian highlands; received influences from the Arabian peninsula; converted to Christianity. |
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| sub-Saharan state of the Soninke people; by the 9th century C.E. a major source of gold for the Mediterranean world. |
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| capital of Ghana; divided into two adjoining cities - one for the ruler, court, and people, the other for foreign merchants, scholars, and religious leaders. |
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| Islamic people of the Sahara; conquered Ghana in 1076. |
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| early migrants into western Europe; organized into small regional kingdoms; had mixed agricultural and hunting economies. |
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| peoples from beyond the northern borders of the Roman empire; had mixed agricultural and pastoral economies; moved in to the Roman empire in the 4th and 5th centuries C.E. |
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| Indo-European peoples who ultimately dominated much of eastern Europe; formed regional kingdoms by the 5th century C.E. |
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| created by migrants to Japan after 3000 B.C.E.; a hunting and gathering people; produced distinctive pottery. |
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| flourished in Japan during the last centuries B.C.E.; introduced wet-rice cultivation and iron working; produced wheel-turned pottery and sophisticated bronze ware. |
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| religion of the early Japanese court; included the worship of numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural world. |
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| Japanese clan that gained increasing dominance during the 4th and 5th centuries C.E.; created an imperial cult around Shinto beliefs; brought most of the lowland plains of the southern islands under their control. |
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| family of related languages found in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Southeast Asia; peoples of this group migrated throughout the Pacific. |
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| islands contained in a rough triangle with its points at Hawaii, New Zealand, |
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double canoes used for long-distance voyaging; carried a platform between canoes
for passengers and cargo. |
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| Hawaiian monarch who united the Hawaiian islands under his rule in 1810. |
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| high chiefs of Hawaiian society who claimed descent from the gods; rested their claims on the ability to recite their lineage in great detail. |
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| complex set of social regulations in Hawaii which forbade certain activities and regulated social discourse. |
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| indigenous people of New Zealand; their ancestors migrated from the Society Islands region as early as the 8th century C.E. |
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| important societal subgroups among the Maori. |
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