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| intricate design made up of curved lines that suggest floral shapes, used to decorate rugs, textiles, and glassware. |
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| one of the five pillars of islam, the pilgrimage to Mecca that all muslims are expected to make at least once in their lifetimes. |
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| in the ottoman empire, a religious community of non-muslims. |
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| slender tower of a mosque, from which muslims are called to prayer |
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| practiced religious toleration, ended tax on non-Muslims, he promoted religious harmony, opened government jobs to all castes of Hindus, treated Hindu princes as partners in ruling the empire. Created strong central government. |
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| pioneered the study of algebra, wrote a book that became a standard mathematics textbook in Europe. |
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| designed mosques and palaces. |
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| invaded india, plundered the north plain. |
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| Sunni wanted the caliph to be chosen by leaders of the muslim community. Shiites argued that the only true successors to the prophet were descendants of muhammad's daughter and son-in-law. |
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| Ottoman and safavid empires |
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| ottoman pressured safavid, it declined. |
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| in the forest, praised a king called Obatad. |
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| located in a "V" by the Niger and Senegal rivers. "land of Gold" |
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| nice people, in africa, huts made from clay, large palaces. |
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| woman ruler of Zaria, expanded the borders to the Niger river. |
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| survivor of family, crushed enemies, got control of the gold trade routes, found Mali. |
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| emperor of Mali, converted to Islam, made the Hajj. |
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| solider king, rejected Islam |
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| from Ethiopia to the Red Sea, brought Jewish traditions through Arabia. |
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| Ruler of Axum, conquered Nile kingdom of Nubia. |
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| adapted to the Kalahari desert by gathering roots and herbs and hunting small game. |
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| preserved ancient history through storytelling. |
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| Korean system of writing. |
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| general, government reformer, historian, master of calligraphy. |
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| worship of nature spirits |
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| position in society declined |
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