Term
| What was the basic philosophy of enlightenment thinkers? |
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Definition
| They encouraged econ/tech change and policies that would improve industry. They challenged regimes that did not grant religious freedom or that insisted on aristocrat privelage |
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Term
| What was the result of 18th century population pressures? |
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Definition
| It drove many people into working class proletariat |
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Term
| Define proto-industrialization. |
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Definition
| The employment of laborers who worked at home but in a capitalist system dependent on urban merchants |
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Term
What were the principle causes of the American Revolution?
What is not? |
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Definition
Britains attempts to impose new taxes and trade controsl after 1763;
a desire to overthrow the older colonial leadership;
restriction on free movement in the frontier areas
the British invasion of the Mississippi River Valley is not a cause |
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Term
What were the principle causes of the French Revolution?
What was not? |
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Definition
Enlightenment thinkers urging the need to limit the powers of the catholic church and the aristocracy;
the middle class demand for greater political representation;
the peasant desire for freedom from manorialism
the Church seeking greater power over the royal government was not |
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Term
| What were the causes for change in Western Europe from 1750 to 1900? |
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Definition
The ideas of enlightenment;
increasing wealth/success for business class;
Population pressures;
Industrialization and mechanizations; |
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Term
| What events led to 1789 French Revolution? |
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Definition
Royal financial crisis,
Convening of the estates general,
Storming Bastille, |
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Term
| What did the liberal leaders learn from the revolutions of 1848? |
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Definition
| Liberals and working class were taught that revolution was too risky |
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Term
| What are the phases of a revolution? (french) |
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Definition
1. incubation
2. moderate
3. Radical
4. Recovery
for french (moderate, radical, directory, napoleanic) |
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Term
| What was the result of better wages and reduction in work hours in the mid-19th century? |
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Definition
| 2/3 of W. population were above subsistence level |
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Term
What actions was the result of the radical phase of the French Revolution?
What wasnot? |
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Definition
Extension of the revolution to warfare in low countries, italy and germany; Introduced the metric system; execution of the king;
NOt:
a full-scale attack on private property |
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Term
| What did the rise of Napoleon mean to the French Revolution? |
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Definition
| Napolean ended French Revolution 1799 and became dictator |
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Term
What was the impact of the French Revolution on the rest of Europe?
What is not? |
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Definition
The French encouraged nationalism over Europe, French armies tore down local governments and many counties which showed resistence to Napoleon which played a role in the final french defeat
not:Revolution and its subsequent empire created a general consensus after the defeat of France for a more liberal Europe. |
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Term
| What was the impact on Europe of the Vienna peace conference? |
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Definition
Kept Europe stable for 1/2 century
They tried o prevent revolutions, diplomats tried not to punish France too sternly to keep balance of power, maps were adjusted. |
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Term
| What prompted stable population after industrialization? |
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Definition
| There was low death/birth rates, and children were seen a parental responsibilities not workers |
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Term
| what was louis pasteurs achievement |
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Definition
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Term
how were conditions of peasants improved as industrializations spread in europe
What did peasants not use? |
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Definition
peasants began to send children to school to improve farms,
isolation or rural isolation declined,
Eu peasants used market for own benefit, learned to barter for more pay and less hours, org. coops, cash crops,
peasants didn't form unions to improve. |
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Term
what attributes exemplified expansion of government functions in the west after 1870?
What does not? |
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Definition
Western gov. introduced civil service exam on basis of talent, schooling expanded, health went up, hospitals increased
not:the establishment of mandatory national unions for laborers |
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Term
what was the political philosophy of karl marx
What was not a political philosophy? |
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Definition
He saw history as a class struggle btween groups out of power nad those controlling the means of production. He preached inevitability of social revolution.
Not political philosphy: In the aftermath of the victory of the proletariat, the state would emerge permanently as a powerful dictatorship. |
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Term
| describe the relationship between science and arts in the later 19th century |
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Definition
| Science continued the Western trend of traditional rationalism but art adopted me emotional and impressionistic theories of romanticism |
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Term
| What is meant by the term American Exceptionalism? |
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Definition
| It is the historical argument that the development of U.S. was largely distinct, contact w/ W. Eu was incidental to the larger dev. of the U.S. on its own terms |
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Term
| For what purpose were Australian colonies originally used? |
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Definition
| British prison/penal colony |
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Term
| What two European powers relationship was tested due to Balkan nationalism |
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Definition
| Russia and Austria-Hungary |
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Term
| What was the attitude of the management of the dutch and british east india companies toward colonies? |
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Definition
| The directors of the companies were little interested in the acquisition of colonial territories |
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Term
| Where was the first european empire built as a result of the independent initiative of company agents? |
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Definition
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Term
| How was British East India Company's entry into India similar to the Dutch entry into Java? |
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Definition
| The intervention into local squabbles among indigenous princes in return for authority over land and the use of mercenaries |
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Term
What were the reasons for India becoming the pivot of the great British empire?
What is not a reason? |
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Definition
The size of Indian land army;
the utility of the Indian ports in maintaing british sea power;
the existence of raw materials useful to the british industry
Not a reason:
the success of the British in winning many converts to Christianity |
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Term
| What European country granted citizenship to educated inhabitants of their colonies? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the Dutch and British view towards the social systems of Java and India? |
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Definition
| The Dutch and the British were content to leave social system in Java and India pretty pretty much as they found them |
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Term
| How was European interaction with indigineous peoples prior to 1850 viewed by Europeans? |
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Definition
| Mixed marriages btw Eu males and indiginous females became widely accepted, particularly in Java |
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Term
| What does the white mans burden represent? |
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Definition
| White culture had obligation to share the blessing of civilization w/ other ppl |
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Term
| How did the British experience in India differ from that of the Dutch in Java? |
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Definition
| The existence of a global imperial rivalry with the french |
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Term
| What were the obstacles faced by the Indian princes in defending their kingdoms from the british? |
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Definition
Lack of sense of natural identity
Willingness of Indians to serve British
Continued war among princes
Strength of British Army |
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Term
| What philosphical movement was supported by Jeremy Bentham and James Mill? |
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Definition
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Term
| What motivated expansion in the late 19th century? |
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Definition
Raw materials, pressure of public opinion, use of colonies as places to send unemployed workers and surplus
also An unprecedented amount of territory colonized in a short period of time |
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Term
| What was the response by African and Asian people toward colonial rule? |
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Definition
| They often fiercely resisted it although w/o realistic chances of permanent success |
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Term
| What are tropical dependencies? |
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Definition
| Colonies in which small numbers of Eu's ruled large numbers of non white people |
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Term
| What was the European strategy regarding their control of tropical dependencies? |
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Definition
| Eu exploited longstanding ethnic and cultural divisions between indigenous people |
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Term
| What incentives for greater production were commonly utilized by colonizers in the late 19th century? |
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Definition
| The introduction of head or hut taxes payable by commodities and construction of Eu style worker communities |
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Term
| As colonial domination strengthened what happened to the internal economies of the European colonies? |
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Definition
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Term
| What event caused the boer colony in south africa to react differently than the white dominions of Canada and Australia? |
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Definition
| Teh annexation of the colony by the british in 1815 |
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Term
| What were the results of the first contact between the Maoris and Europeans during the 1790s |
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Definition
| Maoris were influed and affected by alcoholism and introduced prostitution, traded w/ Eu to acquire firearms which upset the balance btw tribal groups and were introduced to numerous diseases |
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Term
| What institutions and technologies were exported from the british isles to India? |
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Definition
| telegraph and railroad, Western style education, Social reforms including effort to abolish sati |
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Term
| How did European educated colonial peoples undermine the European imperial order? |
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Definition
| Lending mass support to efforts mounted by traditional ruling elites in the colonies against colonizers, emigrating to their mother countries, seeking to promote the sciences alongside traditional religious education |
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Term
| How did European leaders in the late 19th century view colonies? |
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Definition
| They viewed them as sources for raw materials and potential markets |
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Term
| How did britain gain control 18th century India? |
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Definition
| By defeating the french and their indian allies |
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Term
| Which group led the indepence movements in most of latin america? |
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Definition
| American born whites or creoles |
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Term
| How did Haiti's independence differ from other Latin American movements? |
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Definition
| It began as a slave revolt against slave owner and led to independence |
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Term
| Characterize leaders of Latin American indpendence revolts. |
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Definition
| They were generally moderates who wanted some democratic institutions but feared the masses |
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