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WHAP
Whap test chapters 13-17
204
History
11th Grade
12/13/2011
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Term
The Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca
 Definition
hajj
Term
The term Islam means
 Definition
submission
Term
The phrase, "one who has submitted" is the meaning of
 Definition
Muslim
Term
the phrase, "dar al-Islam." means
 Definition
house of Islam
Term
In 595, Muhammad married a wealthy widow named
 Definition
Khadija
Term
"recitation" holy book of Islam (written versions of Muhammad's revelations/teachings
 Definition
Qu'ran
Term
The turning point in the rise of Islam was
 Definition
...
Term
Islamic holy law was known as the
 Definition
sharia
Term
No religious leader could follow Muhammad, so political authority rested in the position of the
 Definition
caliph (deputy)
Term
The main split inside Islam was between Sunni and the
 Definition
Shia "Party"
Term
After Muhammad's death, political leadership fell to a caliph by the name of
 Definition
Abu Bakr
Term
After the assassination of Ali, power fell to
 Definition
Umayyad dynasty
Term
The victorious Arabic armies of the Umayyad dynasty
 Definition
-appointed members of Arab Military Aristocracy Elite as governors and administrators of conquered lands and distributed wealth among the Arab Military aristocracy elite
Term
The Umayyad forces allowed conquered peoples to maintain their own religions but insisted that they pay a special head tax on those people who did not convert to Islam. This head tax was called the
 Definition
jizya
Term
The founder of the Abbasid dynasty was
 Definition
Abu al Abbas
Term
The Abbasid dynasty differed from the Umayyad dynasty in that
 Definition
it was not a conquering dynasty
Term
The capital of the Abbasid Empire was
 Definition
Baghdad (capital of modern Iraq)
Term
the word ulama refers to
 Definition
"people with religious knowledge" or learned officials
Term
The reign of Harun al-Rashid was
 Definition
the high pint of the ABbasid dynasty. He provided liberal support for artists & writers and bestowed lavish gifts on his favorites & distributed money to the poor by throwing coins into the streets.
Term
During the last 200 years of the Abbasid Empire, it fell under the control of the
 Definition
Saljuq Turks, a nomadic people from central Asia
Term
The Abbasid dynasty finally came to an end in 1258, when it was overrun by the
 Definition
Mongols
Term
Of all the new crops that spread throughout the Islamic world via trade, which one was most important?
 Definition
cotton- basis of the Islamic textile industry
Term
What new industry, transmitted to the Islamic world from China was introduced during the Abbasid period?
 Definition
paper
Term
inns offering lodging for caravan merchants as well as food, water, and care for their animals were called
 Definition
caravanserais
Term
Islamic banks honored letters of credit, which could be drawn on the parent bank, known as
 Definition
sakk (root of the modern word check)
Term
The capital city of al-Andalus was
 Definition
Cordoba
Term
The Qu'ran allowed men to have up to ___ wives
 Definition
four
Term
How did the conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia influence the role of women in the Islamic world
 Definition
They adopted the practice of veiling, further limiting the freedoms given to women
Term
The only definitive and reliable text of the Qu'ran has to be in
 Definition
Arabic because translations do not possess the power and authority of the original
Term
In an effort to recruit learned students, Islamic leaders often financially supported institutions of higher learning called
 Definition
madrasas
Term
Sufi's believed
 Definition
formal religious teachings were not meaningful. They did not concern themselves with the finer points of doctrine and focused on deepening their spiritual awareness.
Term
As one of the most important Sufis, theologian Persian al Ghazali
 Definition
believed that philosophy would lead to confusion rather than understanding. He argued that human reason was too frail to understand the nature of Allah and hence could not explain the mysteries of the world. Only through devotion and guidance from Quran could humans appreciate Allah.
Term
These factors helped to bring unity to the Islamic world
 Definition
1. Pilgrims to Mecca
2. ulama, quadis
3. Sufi missionaries
Term
The Persian influence on Islam is best seen in
 Definition
administrative techniques, kingship, literary works
Term
The author of Rubaiyat was
 Definition
Omar Khayyam
Term
The other name for "The Arabian Nights"
 Definition
"The Thousand and One Nights"
Term
The main influence of Indian thought was in the field of
 Definition
mathematics
Term
Arabic numbers actually had their origin in
 Definition
India: "Hindi" numerals
Term
Islamic thinker who studied Aristotle and whose thought influenced the rise of scholasticism
 Definition
Ibn Rushd
Term
The main influence on the thought of Ibn Rushd was
 Definition
Aristotle
Term
Ibn's reliance on natural rason went too far for many Muslims because they
 Definition
placed more value on the revelations of the Quran than on human logic
Term
The main split inside Islam was between Sunni and the
 Definition
Shia "Party"
Term
After Muhammad's death, political leadership fell to a caliph by the name of
 Definition
Abu Bakr
Term
After the assassination of Ali, power fell to
 Definition
Umayyad dynasty
Term
The victorious Arabic armies of the Umayyad dynasty
 Definition
-appointed members of Arab Military Aristocracy Elite as governors and administrators of conquered lands and distributed wealth among the Arab Military aristocracy elite
Term
The Umayyad forces allowed conquered peoples to maintain their own religions but insisted that they pay a special head tax on those people who did not convert to Islam. This head tax was called the
 Definition
jizya
Term
The founder of the Abbasid dynasty was
 Definition
Abu al Abbas
Term
The Abbasid dynasty differed from the Umayyad dynasty in that
 Definition
it was not a conquering dynasty
Term
The capital of the Abbasid Empire was
 Definition
Baghdad (capital of modern Iraq)
Term
the word ulama refers to
 Definition
"people with religious knowledge" or learned officials
Term
Xuanzang
 Definition
popularized Buddhism and brought about nearly universal adoption of the faith throughout China
Term
The Sui dynasty was founded in 589 by
 Definition
Yang Jian
Term
The greatest contribution of Sui Yangdi was
 Definition
the Grand Canal
Term
Grand Canal stretched from
 Definition
Hangzhou in south to Beijing in north
Term
the success of the Tang dynasty was due to its second ruler
 Definition
Tang Taizong
Term
The Tang plan to avoid the concentration of land in the hands of the wealthy was called the
 Definition
Equal field system
Term
During the Tang dynasty civil service examinations
 Definition
were used to recruit educated government officals
Term
Du Fu was
 Definition
considered China's greatest poet
Term
the kowtow
 Definition
was a ritual prostration during which subordinates knelt before the emperor and touched their foreheads to the ground
Term
In 757 Tang emperors were forced to invite the Turkish Uighurs to bring an army into China and suppress a rebellion by
 Definition
An Lushan
Term
From 875-884, most of E China fell to this man, who rebelled because of popular discontent and raided the wealthy to distribute the plunder to the poor
 Definition
Huang Chao
Term
Founder of Song dynasty
 Definition
Song Taizu
Term
Song dynasty was weakend by Taizu's decision to
 Definition
expand bureaucracy (devoured surplus) and place civil bureaucrats in charge of military forces
Term
In 1279, Song dynasty fell to
 Definition
Mongol forces
Term
The most important new crop introduced into China during Tang/Song period
 Definition
fast ripening rice
Term
foot binding is the best example of
 Definition
the strengthening patriarchal society in China
Term
the most influential Chinese naval technological innovation
 Definition
magnetic compass
Term
letters of credit that came into use during the early Tang period
 Definition
flying cash
Term
In 1024,
 Definition
The first paper money was printed under Chinese government auspices
Term
Dunhuang in W China was
 Definition
a sizable Buddhist community that emerged by the 4th century
Term
In an effort to win support in China, Buddhist missionaries translated the Indian term dharma as
 Definition
dao
Term
The most popular school of Buddhism in China was
 Definition
Chan (also known as Japanese term 'Zen')
Term
Japanese Zen Buddhism is based on
 Definition
intuition and sudden flashes of insight in their search for spiritual enlightenment
Term
In the 840s, Tang emperors
 Definition
ordered the closure of monasteries and the expulsion of Buddhists as well as Zoroastrians, Nestorian Christians, and Manahaeans
Term
The most influential neo-Confucian thinker
 Definition
Zhu-Xi
Term
Zhu Xi was a
 Definition
prolific neo-Confucian writer who maintained a deep commitment to Confucian values emphasizing proper personal behavior and social harmony
Term
The Silla Dynasty in Korea imitated China in many ways but never
 Definition
adopted a merit based bureaucracy. Power was rested in the hands of ruling classes.
Term
In the seventh century, the Tang dynasty agreed to a political compromise with the ________.
 Definition
Korean Silla Dynasty
Term
In regard to their relationship with China, the Viet people
 Definition
resisted spiritedly and revolted to gain their independence
Term
In comparison with their Chinese counterparts, Vietnamese women
 Definition
played a much more prominent role in society and economy
Term
the native religion of Japan
 Definition
Shintoism
Term
Chinese influence on Japan was most profound during
 Definition
Nara period
Term
Japanese city of Nara was a copy of the Tang capital ____
 Definition
Chang'an
Term
Murasaki Shikibu was responsible for the creation of
 Definition
one of the most remarkable literary works in the Japanese language, The Tale of Genji
Term
In 1185, the Minamoto clan defeated their rival the Taira clan and
 Definition
did not seek to abolish imperial authority but rather claimed to rule the land in the name of the emperor. They installed clan leaders, "shoguns".
Term
The title of the military governor who ruled in place of the Japanese emperor
 Definition
shogun
Term
Japanese military nobility
 Definition
samurai
Term
Buzurg ibn Shahiriyar
 Definition
a tenth century shipmaster from Siraf, a prosperous and bustling port city on the Persian Gulf coast who compiled stories about the wonders of India
Term
Postclassical Indian political structure
 Definition
no centralized authority. India was politically disunited
Term
An invasion in 451 by the White Huns began the collapse of _____ dynasty
 Definition
Gupta
Term
After the collapse of the Gupta dynasty, India would not be complete reunited until
 Definition
16th century when the Mughals, a turkish people extended their authority to the subcontinent
Term
Compare northern and southern India during postclassical era
 Definition
Southern largely escaped the invasions and chronic war and turmoil that troubled the north
Term
Scholarly Buddhist emperor who reunited N India in the 7th century
 Definition
King Harsha
Term
Harsha was known for
 Definition
piety, liberality, scholarship, Buddhist faith, looked kindly on other faiths, built hospitals, liberally distributed wealth
Term
In 711, Indian area Sind fell to the
 Definition
Umayyad empire (arab forces)
Term
Most important trading port city in India from 500-1500
 Definition
Cambay
Term
Islam reached India by
 Definition
1. Conquerors
2. Merchants
3. Migrations of Turkish
Term
Islamic ruler who led 17 raiding expeditions into India in 11th century
 Definition
Mahmud of Ghazni, leader of the Turks in Afghanistan
Term
Mahmud of Ghazni's main inspiration for visiting India in the 11th c was
 Definition
plundering the wealth in India's well endowed temples
Term
campaigns of Mahmud of Ghazni and his forces resulted in
 Definition
hastening decline of Buddhism in the land of its birth
Term
Northern India was dominated from the 12-early 16th century by
 Definition
sultinate of Delhi
Term
Delhi sultans' religion
 Definition
Islam
Term
wealthy trading state that controlld southern India from 850-1267
 Definition
Chola kingdom
Term
In 1336, Harihara and Bukka, two emissaries from the Delhi sultan renounced Islam and reconverted to Hinduism and founded the southern kingdom of
 Definition
Vijayanagar
Term
Vijayanagar means
 Definition
city of victory
Term
the presence of the changing monsoon winds ensured the
 Definition
necessity of irrigation
Term
From 53 million in 600CE, the population of India rose by 1500 to ____ million
 Definition
105
Term
Hindu temples
 Definition
served as social and economic enters which organized agricultural activities, coordinated work on irrigation systems, maintained surplus irrigation, provided basic schooling for boys, employed people to work the land
Term
India was a natural location for the establishment of emporia because of
 Definition
its location in the middle of the Indian Ocean basin
Term
The East African kingdom that benefited tremendously from increased India Ocean trade
 Definition
Axum kingdom
Term
During the postclassical age the caste system
 Definition
was challenged by political, economic, and social changes and became more complex. It helped maintain order in local cities by providing guidance on individual's roles and relationships to others in a society.
Term
Shankara was a ninth century thinker who believed
 Definition
-The physical world was an illusion, a figment of the imagination

- and that reality like beyond the physical senses
Term
This quote comes from what document
"One should engage himself in singing of Me, praising Me..."
 Definition
Bhagavata Purana
Term
The 12th century devotee of Vishnu who believed that personal devotion and personal union with the deity was more important than an intellectual understanding of ultimate reality
 Definition
Ramanuja
Term
By 1500, ____ of the total Indian population was Muslim
 Definition
1/4
Term
The bhakti movement
 Definition
a cult of love and devotion the sought to erase the distinction between Hinduism and Islam
Term
Bhakti teacher who believed that Shiva, Vishnu, and Allah were all manifestations of a single universal deity
 Definition
Guru Kabir
Term
bhakti belief that all gods were manifestations of a single universal deity is most similar to
 Definition
manichaeism
Term
Indian concept that didn't become popular in SE Asian states influenced by India
 Definition
caste system
Term
first SE Asian state to reflect Indian influence was centered on its capital port city of Oc Eo
 Definition
Funan
Term
Funan dominated the lower reaches of _____River
 Definition
Mekong
Term
political leadership fell to this kingdom after the fall of Funan
 Definition
Srivijaya based on the island of Sumatra
Term
The design of the temples at Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat show
 Definition
the influences of Hinduism and Buddhism
Term
Temples of Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat were built by
 Definition
rulers of the Khmer kingdom
Term
Which of the following kingdoms were land based states that derived wealth from productive agricultural economies
 Definition
Funan and Angkor
Term
States that made deep commitments to Buddhism
 Definition
Angkor and Srivijava
Term
Paramesvara
 Definition
a rebellious prince from Sumatra who founded state of Melaka
Term
Biggest difference between Melaka and other states influenced by India
 Definition
Melaka became predominantly Islamic and it sponsored Islam throughout the region
Term
Charles Martel defeated an Islamic force in 732 at the battle of
 Definition
Tours
Term
In 802, Charlemagne recevied _____from the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid
 Definition
an albino elephant
Term
Early Middle Ages achievements included
 Definition
1. restored political order- decentralized
2. began process of economic recovery
3. Christian church provided unity
Term
Roman imperial power ended in 476 CE with the invasion of
 Definition
the Germanic general Odoacer
Term
In the 470s, Spain was conquered by the
 Definition
Visigoths
Term
After the collapse of western Roman authority
 Definition
Germanic peoples established rule in local territories
Term
Germanic kingdom dominated Italy from the 5th century until the 530s
 Definition
Ostrogoths
Term
Germanic tribe played the most important role in establishing the foundations of European development
 Definition
Franks
Term
The 5th century Frankish leader whose conversion to Christianity led to a centuries long relationship with the popes in Rome
 Definition
Clovis
Term
Clovis' conversion to Christianity probably reflected influence of
 Definition
Christian wife Clotilda
Term
After Clovis died,
 Definition
Frankish kings lost much of their authority as aristocratic warriors seized control of affairs in their own regions
Term
Carolingian dynasty takes its name from
 Definition
Charles Martel
Term
Charlemagne's role of restoring temporary centralized political rule was similar to
 Definition
King Harsha in India
Term
Charlemagne maintained diplomatic relations with the
 Definition
Byzantine empire and Abbasid caliphate
Term
Charlemagne established a capital at
 Definition
Aachen
Term
Charlemagne fought for 32 years to conquer
 Definition
Saxons in Germany
Term
missi dominici
 Definition
"envoys of the ruler" Charlemagne's officials
Term
On Christmas Day 800, Charlemagne received the imperial crown from
 Definition
Pope Leo III
Term
After Charlemagne's death his son
 Definition
Louis the Pious succeeded his father and kept the Carolingian empire together
Term
The main goal for the missi dominici was to
 Definition
bring the counts under tighter control
Term
After Louis the Pious died,
 Definition
the Carolingian empire was divided in 3 by his sons
Term
Groups that invaded Europe in the 9th century
 Definition
Muslims (S), Vikings (N) , Magyars (E)
Term
Constantinople was raided 3 times by the
 Definition
Vikings
Term
The westernmost point of Viking expansion
 Definition
North America
Term
When the Vikings established a colony in Newfoundland year 1000
 Definition
it was not a long-lasting trade/communications link between eastern and western worlds
Term
England was unified in the 9th century by
 Definition
King Alfred
Term
In 962 when Otto I received a crown from the pope it marked the foundation of
 Definition
the Holy Roman Empire
Term
At the battle of Lechfeld in 955, King Otto I of Saxony defeated
 Definition
Magyar army
Term
Historians once used feudalism to refer to
 Definition
political and social order of medieval Europe
Term
In medieval society, political power was vested in
 Definition
local political and military elites
Term
The most important relationship in feudalism was between
 Definition
lords and retainers
Term
Fiefs
 Definition
land grants
Term
retainer owed loyalty, obedience, military service in return for
 Definition
grants of land, money, other forms of payment
Term
The medieval political system was
 Definition
decentralized, complicated
Term
reason for increased agricultural production in Europe
 Definition
heavy northern plow
Term
By the year 1000, the population of Europe had risen to
 Definition
36 million
Term
__________ provided the Roman church with a sense of direction by reasserting papal primacy
 Definition
Pope Gregory I
Term
The Rule, a set of regulations that shaped the rise of monasticism by avoiding extremism and promoting social service came from
 Definition
St. Benedict
Term
The Benedictine Rule was spread to women living in convents by
 Definition
St. Benedict's sister, the nun St. Scholastica
Term
Two 6th century Christan monks undertook an elaborate smuggling operation to provide Byzantium with knowledge to produce
 Definition
silk
Term
Only classical society that survived in the centuries after 400 CE
 Definition
Byzantine empire
Term
Byzantium's major advantage
 Definition
defensible peninsula, natural harbor enabled maritime trade
Term
Up through the 8th century the chief foreign threat to the E Roman empire was the
 Definition
Sasanid dynasty
Term
Byzantium didn't include
 Definition
Arabia
Term
Most important political feature of the Byzantine state was
 Definition
tightly centralized rule that concentrated power in the hands of a highly exalted emperor
Term
mixture of secular and religious authority that marked Constantine's reign as well as that of the Byzantine emperors
 Definition
caesaropapism
Term
adjective byzantine means
 Definition
unnecessary complexity and convolution
Term
Justinian's wife
 Definition
Theodora
Term
Hagia Sophia
 Definition
church erected during Justinian's campaign to rebuild Constantinope and later became a mosque and museum
Term
Justinian's most important and long political achievement was
 Definition
the codification of Roman law
"Corpus iuris civilis"- Body of the Civil law
Term
Italy, Sicily, NW Africa, and S Spain were brought back under imperial control by military efforts of
 Definition
general Belisarius
Term
Constantinople withstood sieges in 674-678 and 717-718 by
 Definition
Islamic forces
Term
One of the causes of Byzantine resurgence: political innovation wherin a genral was given military and civil control over an imperial province or _____.
 Definition
theme
Term
Byzantine ruler who led resurgence of pwer in 11th c by crushing Bulgars
 Definition
Basil II
Term
Greek fire
 Definition
incendiary weapon launched at sea and ground forces that was dangerous especially to wooden ships
Term
Basil II crushed the Bulgars in 1014 at the Battle of
 Definition
Kleidion
Term
A direct challenge to the Byzantine emperor arose in year 800 when the pope gave imperial crown to Frankish king
 Definition
Charlemagne
Term
In year 962, Otto of Saxony
 Definition
lodged his own claim to rule as emperor over the western lands of the former Roman empire
Term
the theme system...
 Definition
strengthened the free peasantry, making land available to those who performed military service
Term
by the late 6th century, Byzantium became the Medit world's leading producer of
 Definition
silk
Term
bezant
 Definition
Byzantine gold coin
Term
Main factions during Justinians time who contested in the Hippodrome and fought in streets
 Definition
Greens and Blues
Term
In 325 CE, in an effort to answer the Arians, Constantine brought together leading churchmen at the
 Definition
Council of Nicaea
Term
Alexandrian priest Arius believed that
 Definition
Jesus had been a mortal human and that he was a creation of God rather than a divine coeternal with God
Term
Emperor Leo III inaugurated the divisive ecclesiastical policy of
 Definition
iconoclasms
Term
first and most famous of the "pillar saints"
 Definition
St. Simeon Stylite
Term
St Basil of Caesarea
 Definition
the patriarch of Constantinople during the mid 4th century who urged monasteries to adopt reforms that enhanced their effectiveness: monks and nuns gave up property and devoted themselves to work and prayer
Term
In 1054, the pope in Rome and the patriarch in Constantinople
 Definition
mutually excommunicated eachother
Term
The Fourth Crusade, in early 1204
 Definition
was diverted from its original mission by Venetian merchants
Term
In a disaster from which the Byzantine Empire never really recovered, Constantinople was sacked in 1204 by the
 Definition
Crusaders
Term
In 1071, Byantium lost the Battle of Manzikert and control over Anatolia to
 Definition
the Saljuqs
Term
Constantinope finally fell in 1453 to the
 Definition
Ottoman Turks
Term
Saints Methodius and Cyril
 Definition
missionaries sent by Byzantium to convert people to Orthodox Christianity. Devised Cyrillic alphabet.
Term
Important Russian city influenced by Constantinople
 Definition
Kiev
Term
The rise of Orthodox Christianity in Russia was helped by conversion in 989 of
 Definition
Prince Vladimir of Kiev
Term
By 16th century Russians thought of ______ as 3rd Rome. What was the 2nd Rome?
 Definition
Moscow; Constantinope
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