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| African societies that were organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacked the concentration on political power and authority. |
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| the way family members are descended from others. |
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| seeing the gods in different parts of nature. |
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| the grassland belt at the south of the Sahara. |
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| means western north Africa in Arabic. |
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| a reformist movement by the Islamic Berbers in north Africa followed the Almoravids. |
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| formist movement by the Islamic Berbers in North Africa. |
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| developed after Ethiopia was cut off from Byzantium by Muslims and was influence by its pagan neighbors that immigrated there. |
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| a leader of the keita clan. |
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| centered in between the Senegal and Niger rivers. |
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| a state that succeed from Mali and dominated the middle areas of the Niger Valley. |
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| professional oral historians. |
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| the change to low birth and infant death rate, which makes a stable population. |
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| an Arabic-influenced language. |
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| an agricultural kingdom on the lower Congo river in the 15th century. |
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| a culture that had advanced art and was located in forests of central Nigeria. |
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| city states in north Nigeria around 1200 C.E. |
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| the largest Bantu confederation and was the center of the Kongo Kingdom. |
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| Arabic for the east African coast. |
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| a powerful city state in present day Nigeria. |
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