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| closely resembled those of the Aryans of India. Celebrated outstanding natural elements and geographic features like the sun, moon, water, and especially fire. The preists also performed many sacrafices like those of the brahmins in India |
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| The creator of Zoroastrianism, which emerged from his teachings. Little is known about him, though we know he came from an aristocratic family and was probably a preist who became disenchanted with the traditional religion. |
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| (meaning "the wise lord") the supreme god of Zoroastrianism, whom Zarathustra believed chose him to spread Mazdas message |
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| (meaning "the destructive or hostile spirit") the principal enemy to Ahura Mazda. Zarathustra believed that after a twelve thousand year long struggle, Ahura Mazda would defeat Mainyu and the principle of evil would completely disappear |
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| Adherents of Zoroastrianism |
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| priests known as "magi" who generally told Zarathustra's stories orally. Also believed in six lesser gods.They considered the material world a blessing of Ahura Mazda. |
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| the magi finally began to write down the teachings of Zarathustra. During this time, Zoroastrianism and the magi flourished like never before while the people flocked to Zoroastrian temples where they prayed to Ahura Mazda and participated in rituals |
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| when the Islams took over Persia, they placed political and financial pressure on Zoroastrian temples and the magi. However, some aspects of Zoroastrianism worked its way into the Islamic religion. |
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| Other Faiths in Sassanian Persia |
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| other faiths were often persecuted if they seemed likely to become popular enough to challenge Zoroastrianism's |
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| ("Kong Fuzi") never realized his ambition to become a powerful minister, instead he attracted numerous disciples who aspired to political careers. These disciples wrote the Analects based on his teachings. This has inspired many Chinese political and cultural traditions. Confucius also emphasized certain qualities: an attitude of kindness (ren), a sense of social awareness (li), and the high signifigance of family (xiao |
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| creation credited to a sage named Laozi, although several hands are believed to have contributed to its founding. instead of trying to think of solutions, Daoists thought that reflection and introspection were the keys to understanding the naturall principles that governed the world. This would bring harmony to society as a whole because people would not wastetime with situations that they could not understand or control. Daoism was an effort to understand the fundamental character of the world and nature. |
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| the chief moral virtue of Doaism: disengagement from competitive exertions and active involvement in affairs of the world. Disencouraged advanced education and personal striving, but called for an individual to live simply, unpretentiously, and in harmony with nature. |
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| priests who performed ritual sacrifices in hopes the gods would reward them with large harvests and abundent herds. |
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| became popular when the great teacher Vardmana Mahavira turned to the religion. Followers, called Jains, believed that everything in the universe had a soul and went through several reincarnations until the obatained a state of bliss. |
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| left home around the age of thirty to escape the cycle of incarnations. He let go of all worldly gods and until his death in 468 B.C. tought numerous desciples the knowledge he gained during 12 years of wandering. These disciples called him Jina (the conqueror) and called themselves Jains. |
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| went to extremes such as sweeping the ground before they walk, straining their drinking water, and wearing masks to prevent harming any invisible souls that might be near them. Only devout monks could follow these ethics closely |
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| a man who gave up his high position and inheritence to live a life of wandering so he can purify his soul. During his travels he gained the understanding of the problem of suffering and how humans could eliminate it from the word. At this point he became the Buddha (the enlightened one). |
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| “Turning of the wheel of the Law |
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| a sermon that represented the beginning of Buddha's quest to promulgate the law of righteousness. This began the popularity of Buddhism |
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| known as the Four Noble Truths. says that all life involves suffering, that desire is the cause of suffering, elimination of desire will end suffering, and a life conducted in accordance with the Noble Eightfold Path bringss the elimination of desire. |
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| where Buddhist monks lived and were important in the spread of Buddhism. |
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| A weathy kingdom based in central Ganges plains. Most important state in northwest India around the time of 500 B.C. |
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| adventurer who took over magadha and founded the Mauryan empire. This was the first state to bring a centally unified government to most of India. His empire contained most of northern India from the Indus to the Ganges. |
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| A governmental advisor for Chanragupta. His political procedures can be found in a book called "arthrashastra" today. |
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| Kautalya's book of detailed instructions for the uses of power and principals of government |
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| Grandson of Chandragupta, he conquered all remaining independent cities( Kalinga) in the region, established a Capitol city Paliputra, and was best known as a just humane, and efficient ruler. |
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| a Capitol of the Mauryan empire that was established by Ashoka Maurya. Here the cental government made th whole empire's policies. |
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| Greek ambassador and writter who wrote the first description of India by a foreigner. |
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| Decline of the Mauryan Empire |
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Definition
| followed the death of Ashoka, the decline was due to financial difficulties resulting perhaps from overpay of troops and government officials. |
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| linked important routes from china to the Mediterranean basin in the west. It promoted interractions of different cultures. |
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| an empire made by a group of nomadic conquerers who attacked Bactria and gained control of much of northern India and central Asia. Played a cental role In the silk roads network. |
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| based in magadha, weathly because of dominance of the Ganges valley, founded by Chaudra Gupta. Government split easily due to nomadic invaders, but declined completely after being attacked by the White Huns. |
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| while trying to repell the White Huns if Bactria, the Guptas had to sacrifice getting vital recources from other places. This weakened their empire, leaving them to be taken over by the Huns. |
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| a nomadic group from cental Asia who invaded Bactria and later took over Gupta. |
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| Paleolithic Age (key developments) |
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Definition
| 750,000 years ago humans tamed fire, between 750,000 and 500,000 a less apelike species, Homo Erectus, developed, 120,000 years ago Homo Sapiens Sapiens developed, and 14,000 years ago humans learned simple tool use. The most important achievement of the Paleolithic Age was the spread of the human species across the majority of the Earth’s surface. Later Paleolithic period people developed rituals to lessen the fear of death, and created cave paintings to express their wonder of nature, lleading to the creation of culture. |
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| A less apelike species, with larger brains and an erect stance allowing for better tool use, several different species developed, they spread in Africa to Asia and Europe reaching a population size of about 1.5 billion 100,000 years ago. Speech developed 100,000 years ago allowing for better group cooperation. |
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| The newest breed of humans, from which all humans are descended, originated about 120,000 years ago in Africa, since the success of this subspecies there have been no major changes in the basic human body type or brain size. |
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| The human species originated in Eastern Africa, in the present day countries of Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda. Gradual immigration, most likely caused by the need for food, was facilitated by the discovery of fire and using animal skins for clothing, allowing people to live in colder climates. The first people moved out of Africa about 750,000 years ago, the earliest human remains found in Asia (China, and the Southeastern region) date from around 600,000 and 350,000 years ago, humans inhabited Britain 250,000 years ago, and they crossed to Australia about 60,000 years ago followed by another group about 20,000 years later. Most scholars believe that humans crossed a land bridge from Siberia to Alaska around 30,000 years ago, with many subsequent migration waves until warmer climates and rising ocean levels eliminated the land bridge by 8,000 B.C.E., they then spread out reaching the tip of South America within a thousand years. Settlers from China reached Taiwan, the Philippines and Indonesia 45,000 to 35,000 years ago. |
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| Neolithic Age (key developments) |
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Definition
| The Neolithic people made many developments such as invention of agriculture, the creation of cities, and other foreshadowings of civilization. |
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| The Neolithic Revolution involved the development of agriculture, occurring at different times in different places. Agriculture was not a sudden transformation, it was hard to learn the new agricultural methods, and it was often combined with older methods of hunting and gathering, the “revolution” took over a thousand years, and then several thousand more to spread from the Middle East, where is started, to Asia, Europe, and Africa. |
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| The deliberate planting of grains for a later harvest was probably triggered by two results of the Ice Ages end(roughly 14,000 years ago). Population increase, due to a better climate, caused people to search for a better and more reliable source of food, and the end of the Ice Age saw the retreat of certain big game animals, such as mastodons, making people turn to smaller game, such as deer and boar. |
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| The over all yield of hunting decreased a the size of the game available to hunt decreased, this caused people to turn to gathering as a primary source of food. As people became more dependent on the regular harvest of grains and berries, it set the stage for deliberate planting of seeds and the improvement of key grains through the selection of seeds from the best plants. |
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| Advantages of agricultural societies |
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Definition
| The invention of agriculture most clearly moved the species onto more elaborate social and cultural patterns, with agriculture people were able to settle into one spot and focus on certain economic, political, and religious goals. Agriculture supported larger populations, and with a better and more reliable food supply, it allowed them to build houses and villages. |
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| The next basic change, happened fairly soon after the introduction of agriculture, the Middle East was the birthplace of the Bronze Age, the first metal tool dates back to around 4,000 B.C.E. and was made of copper. Copper was later replaced by bronze because it was more resilient, metalworking became so commonplace by about 3,000 B.C.E. that the use of stone tools had nearly vanished altogether in the Middle East. Metal tools allowed agricultural societies to work the ground with more efficiency, and metal weapons were superior to stone or wood ones. |
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| Slash and burn agriculture |
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| This system existed in a few parts of the world, including the American South, until about 150 years ago. Slash and Burn is where people would burn off all the trees in an area, farm intensively for a few years, until the soil was depleted, then move on. |
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| herding peoples mainly did this with strong kinship ties. |
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| Catal Hyuk is a Neolithic village in southern Turkey that has been elaborately studied by archeologist, founded about 7,000 B.C.E.; unusually large, about 32 acres house of mud bricks set in timber frameworks. The village produced almost all goods it consumed, but did trade some with local villages, more to keep the peace than for economic gain. By 55,000 B.C.E. prodution activities developed such as jewlers and metalwokers. In time it came to rule over local villages and so some families began to specialize in politics and military forces were organized. By 3,000 B.C.E. it had become part of a civilization |
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| Some scholars prefer to define civilization as societies with enough economic surplus to form divisions of labor and a social hierarchy involving significant inequalities. Others argue that a chief difference between civilizations and other societies involves the emergence of formal political organizations. The origins of civilization date from around 3,500 B.C.E. The first civilization arose in the Middle East along the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, soon after that another civilization in northeast Africa (Egypt) started, then another around 2,500 B.C.E. along the banks of the Indus river in India. |
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| The first writing developed by a civilization, based on wedge-like characters, in the Middle East around 3,500 B.C.E. |
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| hunters and gatherers that didn’t become civilized |
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| The first civilization, founded in the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates river in the Middle East, it is one of the few cases of a civilization developing absolutely from scratch without any examples from other places to imitate. Farmers were familiar with bronze and copper and had already invented the wheel for transport by 4,000 B.C.E. The farming needed irrigation requiring incredible amounts of coordination between communities, and this served as the basis for a complex political structure. |
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| By about 3,500 B.C.E. the Sumerians had invade Mesopotamia and developed a cuneiform alphabet, the first known case of human writing. The alphabet first used pictures to represent things then used geometric shapes to symbolize sounds, the early alphabet my have had as many as 2,000 such symbols, but was later reduced to about 300. Reading and writing was so complex few had time to master them, scribes wrote on cly tablets using styluses shaped much like the modern ballpoint pen. They also employed a system of numbers based on units of 10, 60, and 360 that we still use for calculating time and circles |
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| They were developed by the Sumerians to honor their gods. They were massive towers and formed the first monumental structure in that civilization. Professional priests operated the temples and conducted the rituals within. |
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| Sumerian political structure stressed tightly organized city-states, ruled by a king who claimed divine authority. The Kings were originally military leaders during times of war, and the function of defense and war, including leadership of a trained army, remained vital in Sumerian politics. |
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| The Sumerians fell to the Akkadians who in turn fell to the Babylonians, who extended their empire and brought civilization to much of the Middle East. |
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| Under the Babylonian rule the king Hammurabi introduced the most famous early code of law, boasting of his purpose to promote the welfare of his people by causing justice to prevail and destroying the wicked and the evil. Hammurabi’s code established rules of procedure for courts of law and regulated property rights and the duties of family members, setting harsh punishments for crimes. |
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| Formed by 3,000 B.C.E., benefited from the trade and technological influence of Mesopotamia, but produced a quite different society and culture. Because it was less open to invasion Egypt retained a unified stat throughout most of its history. The government was more government-directed than Mesopotamia, government control may have been necessary due to the complexity of irrigation along the Nile. Neither the Egyptian alphabet nor it s science was as advanced as Mesopotamia but its mathematics was more advanced. |
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| Pharaohs were Egyptian kings processing immense power, and had godlike status |
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| The pharaohs built splendid tombs for themselves, the pyramids, from 2,700 B.C.E. onward. |
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| A kingdom that interacted with Egypt and later invaded it. |
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| A prosperous urban civilization developed along the Indus River by 2,500 B.C.E., supporting several large cities. |
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| A city supported by the Indus River, many of its houses had running water. Harappan writing has yet to be deciphered |
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| A city supported by the Indus River, many of its houses had running water |
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| Also known as the Huanghe, is located in China. Civilization along the Yellow River developed in considerable isolation, although some overland trading with contact with India and the Middle East did develop. Huanghe civilization was the subject of much later Chinese legend, which praised its god-like kings, starting with the mythic ancestor of the Chines, P’an Ku. They had an elaborate concept of their remote origins and started early recording part-fact part-fiction history of their early kings. |
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| the writing of the Chinese |
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| A line of kings founded by about 1,500 B.C.E. that ruled over the Huanghe valley, that did construct some impressive tombs and palaces. The Shang dynasty was interrupted by a series of invasions. |
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| Accomplishments of river valley civilizations |
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Definition
| Monuments such as the Egyptian pyramids have been considered as one of the wonders of the world. The invention of the wheel, the taming of the horse, the creation of usable alphabets and writing implements, the production of key mathematical concepts such as square roots, the development of well organized monarchies and bureaucracies and the invention of functional calendars and other divisions of time. |
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| devised a simplified alphabet with 22 letters around 1,300 B.C.E., they also improved the Egyptian numbering system. |
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Is the belief in only one supreme god rather than several specialized gods
it was developed by the Jewish civilization around 1,200 B.C.E.Type in the content of your page here |
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| Historian sent to punishment by castration. He was considered the father of Chinese Historiography because of his highly praised work. |
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| The first Chinese thinker who addressed the problem of political and social order in a straight forward and self–conscious way. Also Known as Kong Fuzi or “Master Philosopher Kong” as his disciples called him. |
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| A book in which all of Confucius’ pupils compiled all his saying and teachings. A work that has profoundly influenced Chinese political and cultural traditions. |
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| “Superior individuals” who took a broad view of public affairs and did not allow personal interests to influence their judgments. |
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| an attitude of kindness and benevolence or a sense of humanity. Individuals that possessed ren were courteous, respectful, diligent, and loyal, and it was considered a characteristic greatly needed in the government. |
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| a sense of priority, which called for individuals to behave in conventionally appropriate fashion: they should treat all human beings with courtesy, while showing special respect and deference to elders and superiors. |
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| reflected the high significance of the family in the Chinese society. |
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| the principal spokesman for Confucius school. He believed that human nature was naturally good and he argued for policies that would allow it to influence the society as a whole. |
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| Xunzi believed man's inborn tendencies need to be curbed through education and ritual, counter to Mencius's view that man is innately good. He believed that ethical norms had been invented to rectify mankind. |
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| was a philosopher of ancient China, and is a central figure in "Daoism". Laozi literally means "old master", and is generally considered honorific. Laozi is revered as a deity in most religious forms of Daoism |
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| Classic of the way and virtue and the fundamental to the philosophical Daoism. |
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| The way of nature or the way of the cosmos. It is an elusive concept that was not generally characterized in positive and forthright terms. |
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| disengagement from the competitive exertions and active involvement in affairs of the world. It required that individuals refrain from advanced education and from personal striving. It called instead for individuals to live simply, unpretentiously, and harmony with nature. |
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| Most notable legalist doctrine that emerged from the insights of men who participated actively in Chinese political affairs during the late fourth century B.C.E. Yang enacted numerous reforms (in accordance with his legalist philosophy recorded in The Book of Lord Shang) in the state of Qin that helped to change Qin from a peripheral state into a militarily powerful and strongly centralized kingdom, changing the administration by emphasizing meritocracy and devolving power from the nobility. |
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| the most systematic of the legalist theorists, a student of the Confucian scholar Xunzi. He reviewed Legalist ideas from political thinkers in all parts of china and systemized them in a collection of powerful and well – argued essays on state-craft. |
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| It basically postulates that humans are evil and need to be controlled using laws in order to prevent chaos. The trends that were later called Legalism have a common focus on strengthening the political power of the ruler, of which law is only one part. |
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Definition
| was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 246 BC to 221 BC during the Warring States Period. He became the first emperor of a unified China in 221 BC. He ruled until his death in 210 BC at the age of 49.To ensure stability, Qin Shi Huang outlawed and burned many books. |
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Definition
| he outlawed and burned numerous amounts of books that criticized his regime and his actions. Qin also sentence 460 scholars residing in the capital to be burned alive for their criticism of his regime. |
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| in hopes of ensuring better understanding and uniform application of his policies, Qin mandated the use of common scripts throughout his empire. It would be like if Europeans spoke English, French, German, Italian, Spanish and other languages but had to write them down in Latin. |
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| his final resting place was a lavish tomb constructed by some seven hundred thousand drafted laborers as a permanent monument to the first emperor. He laid to rest in an elaborate underground palace lined with bronze and protected by traps and crossbows rigged to fire at intruders. |
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| he restored order throughout china and established himself as the head of the new dynasty. He called it Han, in honor of the native land. The Han dynasty turned out to be one of the longest and most influential in all of Chinese history. |
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Definition
| was the seventh emperor of the Han Dynasty of China. Emperor Wu is best remembered for the vast territorial expansion that occurred under his reign, as well as the strong and centralized Confucian state he organized. His effective governance made the Han Dynasty one of the, if not the most powerful, nations in the world. |
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| Confucian Educational system |
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Definition
| established to prepare young men for government service. Provided rigorous intellectual discipline as the basis for its curriculum. |
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| Han invaded northern Vietnam and Korea, subjected them to Han rule, and brought them into the orbit of the Chinese society. He ruled both land through the Chinese-style government and Confucian values followed he Han armies into new colonies. |
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| a nomadic people from the steppes of central Asia the spoke Turkish language and posed the greatest challenge to the Han Wudi. When they could not satisfy their needs and desire through peaceful trade, the mounted sudden raids into villages and trading areas and because they had no settlement to defend, the quickly disperse when confronted by a superior force. |
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| composed probably in the early Han dynasty, taught that children should obey and honor their parents as well as other superiors and political authorities. |
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| emphasized humility, obedience, subservience, and devotion to their husbands as well as the virtues most appropriate for women. |
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| the significance of the iron industry went far beyond agriculture. Han artisans experimented with production techniques and learned to craft fine utensils for both domestic and military uses. |
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| Textile Production - partially sericulture, the manufacture of Silk. |
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| Probably before 100 C.E. Chinese craftsmen began to fashion hemp, bark, and textile fibers into sheets of paper, which was less expensive than silk and easier to write on than bamboo. Paper soon became the preferred medium for writing |
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| A modest market town and fishing village that occupied a site of enormous strategic significance. |
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| The natural harbor of Byzantine placed on a defensible peninsula. |
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| imperial capital of Byzantine, designated by Constantine |
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| What Constantine was renamed after it well to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. |
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| Geographical extent of the Byzantine Empire |
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Definition
| Greece, the Balkan region, Syria, Palestine, Anatolia, northeast Africa, and Egypt were part of the Empire. Later, Ostrogoths (basically Italy, and a little more around it) and Vandals (which held the city of Carthage) were added from 572-554. |
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| an empire in Persia which sought to rebuild the Achaemenid empires of classical Persia. A goal which brought them into conflict with Roman forces in Mesopotamia and Syria. |
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| tightly centralized rule that concentrated power in the hands of a highly exalted emperor. |
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| When the Emperor not only ruled as secular (earthly) lord, but also played an active and important role in ecclesiastical (church) affairs. |
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Definition
Byzantine Emperors became absolute rulers, they stood above the law and enjoyed the services of an unnecessary large and complex bureaucracy.
Byzantine court- They dressed in purple and high officials presented themselves as slaves to the emperor, not subjects. NO ONE ELSE COULD WEAR PURPLE! They had mechanical lions and imitation birds and the throne moved up and down to emphasize the awesome splendor of the Emperor. |
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| Important Early Byzantine emperor. He was known as “the sleepless emperor” because he was always energetic and never tired. He profoundly influenced the development of the Byzantine Empire. |
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| Justinian’s ambitious wife. Daughter of a bear-keeper in a circus. Contributed to the formation of Grand Imperial Court. |
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| He ordered a systematic review of Roman law and on the basis of this work, he issued Body of Civil Law (corpus iuris civilis). Continued to serve as a source of legal inspiration, Roman law influenced civil law codes throughout much of Western Europe |
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| General in Justinian’s military who was sent to reconquer the Western Roman Empire from the Germanic people. He returned Italy, Sicily, northwestern Africa, and southern Spain to imperial hands. |
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Definition
| conquered the Sansanid Empire and overran large portions of the Byzantine Empire as well. By the mid-seventh century, Byzantine Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and North Africa had fallen under Islamic rule. |
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| a devastating incendiary weapon compounded of sulphur, lime, and petroleum. Byzantine forces launched it at both the fleets and the ground forces of invaders. Burned even when floating on water!!! |
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| placed an imperial province under the jurisdiction of a general, who assumed responsibility for both its military and civil administrations. |
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| Basil the Bulgar-Slayer. During his reign, he got the Byzantine armies to turn west and crush the neighboring Bulgars, who had built a large and expansive kingdom in the Balkans, After his victory, at the battle of Kleidion in 1014, Basil commanded his forces to blind fourteen thousand Bulgarian survivors, though he spared one eye in a few who guided them home. |
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| Eastern Church v Western Church |
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Definition
| The Christian church of Constantinople conducted its affairs in Greek and bowed to the will of the caesarpapist emperors, whereas the Christian Church of Rome conducted its affairs in Latin and rejected imperial claims to oversee church matters. |
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| a Frankish ruler who received an imperial crown from the Pope in Rome thereby directly challenging byzantine claims to imperial authority over western lands. Charlemagne’s empire soon dissolved. |
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| a Frankish ruler who received an imperial crown from the Pope in Rome thereby directly challenging byzantine claims to imperial authority over western lands. Charlemagne’s empire soon dissolved. |
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| An ambassador, sent by Otto, who was the tenor of relations between Byzantium and western European lands. Strongly disliked his diplomatic counterparts, and hated anything Byzantine. |
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| Byzantine Agricultural economy |
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Definition
| Dominated political and military affairs of the eastern Mediterranean because of its strong economy. Abundant harvests of wheat, only on the basis of a reliable and productive agriculture economy was it possible for a city of this size to survive and flourish. |
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Definition
| Economy and society were strongest when the empire supported a large class of free peasants who owned small plots of land. Served as the backbone of the Byzantine military system, and cultivated their land intensively in hopes of improving their families’ fortunes. |
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| Decline of the free peasantry |
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Definition
| Wealthy landowners built larger estates, transforming free peasants into a dependant class. The decline diminished the pool of recruits available for the service in military forces. Large landowners raised forces from their own estates, but they deployed them for their own interest. Concentration of land and rural resources worked against the financial interest of the central government and it caused difficulties in military, political, and economical aspects. |
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| Byzantine craft workers enjoyed a reputation especially for their glassware, linen, woolen textiles, gems, jewelry, and fine work of silver and gold. Constantinople was a major site, and the center of trade. Also, high quality silk! |
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| had routes going everywhere, branching out from Constantinople. Trade helped sustain the Byzantine economy. |
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| Banks and business partnerships helped to fuel Byzantine trade. Banks advanced loans to individuals seeking to launch business ventures making trade possible. |
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| The heart of Constantinople. Twenty thousand workers were employed as palace staff. Most famous was a gold fountain in the shape of a pineapple that spouted wine for the imperial guests. |
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| Attractions of Constantinople |
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| The city of baths, sites of relaxation and exercise as well as hygienic bathing. Taverns, restaurants added social gatherings, checkers, chess, and dice games were popular in the taverns. And theaters provided entertainment in the form of song, dance and striptease. The hippodrome was a large stadium adjacent to the Imperial Palace. |
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| Most popular pastime were the chariot races that took place in the Hippodrome. Racing fans formed two factions, the greens and the blues. Rivalry caused big public disturbances. |
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| State-organized school system offered reading, writing and grammar, followed by studies is classical Greek literature, philosophy and science. These children later became employed by the beaurocracy. |
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| reflected the cultural legacy of classical Greece. Byzantine scholars concentrated on the humanities-literature, history and philosophy. |
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| a council organized by Constantine. It brought together bishops, spokesmen, and leaders from important Christian churches in order to consider the views of the Arians. |
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| A priest of Alexandria. Taught the story of Jesus to the council. |
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| It means, breaking of icons. Destroying religious images and prohibiting their use in churches. The policy sparked protests and riots throughout the empire. (Inaugurated by Emperor Leo III. Before Leo, Byzantine already had a long history of producing icons, such as, paintings of Jesus, saints, and other figures of religious significance |
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| the Emperor who inaugurated Iconoclasm. He became convinced the veneration of religious images was sinful, tantamount to the worship of physical idols. |
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| Individuals who lead especially holy lives. Drawing inspiration from early Christian ascetics in Egypt, Mesopotamia and Persia. These individuals observed regimes of extreme asceticism and self-denial. Some abandoned society altogether, and went to live in the desert or in caves as hermits. Others dedicated themselves to celibacy, fasting, and prayer. |
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| A man who demonstrated asceticism by perching for years atop tall pillars. He was a popular “pillar saint.” |
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| The patriarch of Constantinople during the mid fourth century. He urged the “pillar saints” to advance to adopt reform that enhanced effectiveness. |
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| A cold and windswept peninsula in northern Greece that has been the site of the monasteries since the ninth century. Since the eleventh century, monastic authorities have made it off limits for all females, both human and animal, out of concern they will inspire carnal thoughts among the monks. |
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| the Byzantine patriarchs and Roman popes disputed their respective rights and powers. Ultimately, relations became so strained that the eastern and western churches went separate ways |
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| Social problems in the 1000s CE |
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| suffered from serious internal weakness it entered a long period of gradual but sustained decline from which it never fully recovered. Domestic problems arose from the success of the theme system. The rebellions against the central authorities lead to disruptions of local economies. |
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| a Scandinavian people who had seized Normandy and settled there. They established themselves as an independent power in southern Italy. BY mid century, the Norman adventurers had taken control of southern Italy and expelled Byzantine authorities there. |
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| Vast military campaigns intended to recapture Jerusalem and other sites holy to Christians and Muslims. The Normans and other European peoples mounted a series of them and too the opportunity to carve out states in the heart of the Byzantine Empire. |
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| A Muslim people who beginning in the eleventh century, sent waves of invaders into Anatolia. |
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| They had a very tense relationship. BY the eighth century, however, as a result of its wealth and sophisticated diplomacy, Byzantium had begun to influence Bulgarian politics and society. |
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| Missionaries sent by Byzantium to Balkan lands. Two brothers from Thessaloniki in Greece. They devised an alphabet while in a mission on Bulgaria and Moravia. |
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| Made by Cyril and Methodius, it was for the previously illiterate Slavic peoples. Stayed in much of Eastern Europe until supplanted by the Roman alphabet in the twentieth century. |
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| A Russian state strategically situated on the Dnieper River along the main trade route linking Scandinavia and Byzantium. Became a wealthy and powerful center and it dominated much of the territory between the Volga and the Dnieper from the tenth to the thirteenth century. |
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| Converted to Orthodox Christianity and ordered his subjects to follow his example. He lauded drunkenness and reportedly maintained a harem of 800 girls. |
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| meaning “one who has submitted”; quickly attracted followers and took on political and social as well as religious significance |
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| “submission” signifies obedience to the rule and will of Allah, the only deity recognized in the monotheistic Islamic religion. |
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| Means “house of Islam” it refers to the lands under Islamic rule. |
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| a desert covered peninsula that supports agriculture in only well watered places like Yemen or Medina. |
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| Nomadic people who kept herds of sheep, goats, and camels; they migrated through the desert for grass and water and they were dependant on cooperation within their family clan. |
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| had a difficult childhood; left orphan at age 6 he had to work from being a merchant to marrying his somewhat rich boss and having some influence but not much. |
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| the holy book of Islam ; complied of the written revelations and understanding; a work that serves as the definite authority Islamic religious doctrines and several organizations, later to come. |
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| the popularity of Muhammad's preachings brought him into conflicts with the ruling elites. His belief of only one God |
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| “migration” Muhammad’s move Medina serves as the starting point of the official Islamic calendar. (After being persecuted in Mecca) |
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| Community of the Faithful” the followers were organized into these communities called Ummas. |
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| The tittle Muhammad gave himself; the final prophet through whom Allah would reveal his message to humankind. |
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| In 636 Ce) Muhammad and his followers attacked and conquered Mecca. They forced elites to adapt Muhammad faith. they imposed a government dedicated to Allah and destroyed all pagan shrines, Except for Ka’ba. |
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| the holy pilgrimage back to mecca. It Brings hundreds and thousands from around the world to the holy cites of Islam. |
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1-must acknowledge Allah as the only God and Muhammad as his Prophet.
2-they must pray to Allah Daily while facing mecca.
3-they must observe a fast during the daylight hours of Ramadan.
4-they Must contribute Alms for the weak or poor.
5- in honor of Muhammad's visit to mecca, Those who are Physically and financially able must undertake the Hajj, and make at least one pilgrimage back to mecca. |
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| struggle” An additional obligation for the faithful. it calls for them to try to convert the non believers, seen as evil and threats to Islam |
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| Islamic holy law. it offers detailed guidance on behaviors marriage, family life, inheritance, slavery, business, and commercial relationships (became more then a religious doctrine. |
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| Islamic holy law. it offers detailed guidance on behaviors marriage, family life, inheritance, slavery, business, and commercial relationships (became more then a religious doctrine. |
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| One of the prophet’s closest friends and the most devoted deciple. he was elcted to serve as caliph “deputy.” became head of state, religious leader, chief judge and military commander. |
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| Led the umma not as a prophet but as a leautenant or substetutions for muhhamma, although not as powerful |
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| Slamic armies attacked when the larger Empires, Sassanid and Byzentine were exhaustedfrom the conflits between eachother. ;By the mid 1800s the Slamic empire ruled from india and central Asia steppe lands, in the east and northwest, Africa and Iberia, in the west. |
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| disagreements over succesion led to the emergence of the shia sect, the most important and enduring of all the other faiths, aka Sunni Islam. |
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| -(661-750 CE) temporaly solved the problems of succesion; the Emayyads were one of the most prominent Meccan Merchant clan and their reputation and network of alliences, who helped bring stability to the islamic community. |
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| a thriving commercial city in syria, whose central location allowed them to mantain better communication with the Islamic empire. |
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| A special head tax, im posed on those who did not convert to Islam. |
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| caused because of the caliphs attention towards luxury rather then the Umma. Also because of their casual attitude towarsd the Islamic doctrine and morality. |
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| the chief leader of the rebellion that brought Umayyad Dynasty to an end: He founded theAbbasid Dynasty (he was a descendant of Muhhamad's uncle |
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| Differed Greatly from the Umayyad Dynasty Clashed with nomadic people from central Asia. |
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| Talas river near Samarkand) Ended the Expansion of the Tang Dynasty into Central Asia, this opened the door to the spread of Islam among the Turkish. |
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| In designing their administration the Abbasids relied on the old Persian techniques. Instead of trying to conquer more land they focused on creating this administration that could administer A large realm with different ethnics, languages, and cultural groups. |
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| the magnificent city that the caliphs built near the Sassanid capital of Ctesiphon. Baghdad was a round city protected by 3 walls, and in the middle of was the green-domed palace that ran the abbasid Empire. |
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| "people with religious knowledge" Set moral standards in local communities and resolved disputes. pious scholars, who thought to develop public policy in accordance with the Quran and sharia. very influential officers who ensured the widespread observance of Islamic values. |
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| "judges" Set moral standards in local communities and resolved disputes. Also extremely influential and also ensured widespread observance. |
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| High point of Abbasid Dynasty came during Harun al-Rashin’s reign as caliph; He promoted arts and writing but bestowing luxurious gift on his favorites. Also according to stories he tossed out money for the poor and common classes. |
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| After the reign of Harun al-Rashid. Caused because of the civil wars between his sons, the disputes over succession became a reoccurring problem and instead of trying to fix this problem provincial governors built bases of power that later seceded, in some places. While this was happening the peasant were rebelling which ended up weakening the empire. |
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| Sultans (rulers) the true source of power in the Abbasid empire untill the arrival of the mongols. |
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| Peasants tilled the fields while mearchants and manufacturers supported a growing urban economy. they payed close attention to irrigation, fertilization, crop rotation. (wrote their findings in manuals); The Umayyad and Abbasid empires created a zone of trade, exchange, and communications, that stretched from india to iberia, that served as economic stimulus the countrysides as well as the cities. |
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| Delhi, samarkand, baghdad, bukhara, merv, nishapur, isfahan, basra, damacus, jerusalem, cairo, alexandria, palermo, tunis, tangier, cordoba, and toledo. they all were important centers of production and had flourishing markets that supported a variety of artist merchants etc. |
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| began with the Abbasid caliphate trade networks that connected all the regions of the Islamic world, and then joining it to the hemispheric economy. |
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| greatly aided by the roads built during the classical era. these roads facilitated the trading between regions. |
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| because of the benefits that came from camels over horse, in a desert, they were used more and saddles were created for the beasts. they because the favored beast of the time and place. Caravanserias, inns, were built all over offering lodging food and water for the beast as well as the merchants |
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| better nautial technology contributed to the increase of maritime trade in the red sea, persian gulf, arabian sea, and indian ocean |
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| Had similar methods and ideas to the banks now. They had check, sakks, they could served as brokers for investments. they stimulated the commercial economy of the Islamic world. |
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| Dar-al-Islam business organization |
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| Islamic law provided security for entrepreneurs by explicitly recognizing certain forms of business organizations. (had methods that were like investments and normally one would not take on one investment by oneself to avoid financial ruin. |
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| (islamic spain) the prosperity of slamic spain illustrates the far reaching effects of long distance trade during abbasid era |
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| it portrayed women not a possessions but as honorable individuals. however sharia reinforced male dominance. |
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| higher educational institutions |
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| mystics. one of the most effective Islamic missionaries. they did not find formal religious teaching to be meaningful. |
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| persian theologian, who argued that human reason was too frail to understand the nature of Allah and hence could not explain the mysteries of the world. |
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| attracted pilgrims from all over, and other cultural traditions, the Caliphs saw themselves as the upreme leaders and they sought to enhance the cultural unity of their realm. |
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| Persian influences on Islam |
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| influenced literacy, politically, and culturally. (Rubaiyat) |
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| Indian Influences on Islam |
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| influnced its mathematics, sciences and medicines. adopted Hindi numerals |
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| Greek influences on Islam |
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| philosophical, scientifically, and in medical writings. they resisted those ideas that opposed Greek ideology |
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