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| idea of mixing political and religious authority |
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"holy wisdom"
massive Christian church constructed by the Byzantine emperor Justinian which was later converted into a mosque |
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| movement to destroy religious icons because their veneration was considered sinful |
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"body of the civil law"
Justinian's attempt to codify Roman law |
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| later powerful Persian dynasty |
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| used in the Byzantine empire during the Islamic Conquest, generals were appointed to govern an imperial province |
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| in 1054, Christianity split into two different parts; the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church |
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| Islamic holy book that is believed to contain the divine revelations of Allah as presented to Muhammad |
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foundation of Islam
1. profession of faith
2. prayer
3. feasting during Ramadan
4. alms giving
5. pilgrimage to Mecca or hajj |
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"deputy"
Islamic leaders that took power of Arabia following Muhammad's death |
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"traditionalists"
most popular branch of Islam, believe in the legitimacy of the earlier caliphs |
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| "community of the faithful" |
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| cosmopolitan Arabic dynasty (750-1258) that replaced Umayyads; founded by Abu al-Abbas and peaking under Huran al-Rashid |
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| Islamic officials, scholars who shaped public policy in accordance with the Quran and the Shari'a |
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"chieftain" or "ruler"
source of power in the Abbasid empire |
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| the final prophet through whom Allah would reveal his message to humankind, Muhammad referred to himself as this |
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"one who submits to God"
follower of Islam |
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"house of Islam"
the Islamic world |
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"struggle"
additional obligation of Islam that some Muslims take up |
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| Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina in 622, the beginning point in the Islamic calendar, the point that is considered to mark the beginning of Islamic faith. |
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| main shrine of Mecca, goal of hajj |
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| Islamic minority, believe that leadership lies in the line descended from Ali |
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| Arabic dynasty (661-750), it's capital was at Damascus, marked by a tremendous expansion to Spain in the west and India in the east |
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| Islamic mystics who placed more emphasis on emotion and devotion rather than strict adherence to rules |
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