Term
| What were the impacts that the Renaissance had on politics and commerce? |
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Definition
Renaissance merchants improved banking techniques and became more capitalist.
City-state leaders experimented with new political forms and functions and justified their authority on the
basis of what they could do to advance the general well-being.
The city-states introduced the regular exchange of ambassadors and the exercise of diplomacy. |
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Term
| Why did common people readily support the lutheran reformation? |
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Definition
Lutheranism sanctioned money-making and other earthly pursuits more wholeheartedly than did
traditional Catholicism |
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Term
| What new areas became part of the global commercial network after 1450? |
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Definition
| The Americas and some of Africa and Polynesia |
|
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Term
| What were exemplified the commercial revolution of the sixteenth century? |
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Definition
| Eu trade, goods, markets, merchants increased & price inflation. |
|
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Term
| What made the global trade network of the fifteenth century different from that of the previous eras? |
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Definition
| In previous eras, most attention was given to the development of larger regional economies and cultural zones, rather than a truly global network. |
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Term
| What caused northern European nations to take the lead in conquest and exploration in the later sixteenth century? |
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Definition
| The Dutch and the British improved the design of oceanic vessels, producing faster ships than their Catholic rivals. |
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Term
| In 1492, who sailed to the Americas on behalf of Spain? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the reason for English voyages to North America? |
|
Definition
| to discover a northwest passage to India |
|
|
Term
| How was Europe impacted by the intro of American crops? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How were early Dutch and British exploration and trade projects different from Iberian nation? |
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Definition
| Dutch and British exploration owed much to private initiative of merchant groups and the formation of chartered trading companies. |
|
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Term
| What regions was part of the core zone of the global trade network? |
|
Definition
| Dutch, French,Spanish,English (west Eu) |
|
|
Term
| What British commercial institution ruled India for much of the eighteenth century? |
|
Definition
| The British East India Company |
|
|
Term
| What % of American Indians died following Eu. colonization? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the results of Eu maritime dominance? |
|
Definition
| It soon ended with an era of Japanese maritime dominance. It created a new world economy, involving the fuller inclusion of Africa and the Americas in international trade. It created the conditions for direct Western penetration of some parts of the world through the formation of colonies. It created a new international pool for basic exchanges of foods, diseases, and a few manufactured products. |
|
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Term
| What was a European contribution to the Americas? |
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Definition
| (labor systems) slaves, large tame animals, Diseases |
|
|
Term
| What areas of trade were dominated by the West in the seventeenth century? |
|
Definition
| Atlantic, Baltic, Pacific |
|
|
Term
| Northern European colonies were dominated by what economic policy? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How was Indonesia economically different from other civilizations of the 16th century? |
|
Definition
| It was fully part of the global trading network |
|
|
Term
| For what reasons were coercive labor systems developed in the Americas? |
|
Definition
| Need to produce cheap goods and dependence on world economy |
|
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Term
| Describe the relationship between Asian civilizations and the world commercial network of the 16th and 17th centuries. |
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Definition
Asian civilizations had ample political strength and economic sophistication to avoid dependent status.East Asia constituted the civilization that remained most fully and consciously external to the world economy.
China depended on extensive government regulation to keep European activities in check. |
|
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Term
| What method in India did Britain use to protect its cloth industry? |
|
Definition
| They passed tariffs on imports of Indian cloth |
|
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Term
| What were the trade goods between eastern and western Europe in the seventeenth century? |
|
Definition
| East traded grains and West traded objects of art and mfg goods |
|
|
Term
| What was the result of the introduction of colonialism in places like India? |
|
Definition
| It became part of framework of W. civilizations. |
|
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Term
| What were the primary differences between the social organization of Western Europe and Russia in the 17th and 18th centuries? |
|
Definition
| Russia saw a progressive intensification of serfdom while the West was relaxing this institution in favor of other labor systems. |
|
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Term
| What was the indication of the developement of coercive labor systems in eastern Europe? |
|
Definition
| eastern europe's growing economic subordination to the West |
|
|
Term
| What part of the Portuguese commercial experience was extended to the Americas? |
|
Definition
| slave trade and plantation colonies |
|
|
Term
| What was the sig. of Hispaniola? |
|
Definition
| Island that a colony was est. on by Columbus's return expedition (spains 1st colony) |
|
|
Term
| In what way did Spanish America cities differ from those of Europe? |
|
Definition
| They were made on a grid plan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large estates and grants of Indian laborers |
|
|
Term
| Who was Bartolome de Las Casas and what did he support |
|
Definition
| Conquistador turned priest, initiated the struggle for justice and believed in fair treatement of Native Americans |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Led expedition to coast of Mexico 1519 and defeated Aztec empire. |
|
|
Term
| What advantages did the Spanish have over the Indians? |
|
Definition
| gunpowder, metal equipment, horses, Disease |
|
|
Term
| What increased as the Indian population declined? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What indian institutions were retained by the Spanish? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What caused the encomiendas to become discontinued after 1540 |
|
Definition
| Spanish crown did not want growth of new nobility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and religion |
|
|
Term
| What best describes the nature of the economy in Spanish America? |
|
Definition
| Depended on agriculture and mining |
|
|
Term
| Describe the agricultural system of Spanish America? |
|
Definition
| Large sedentary populations, mainly agrarian, spanish ranches emerged, and exported sugar |
|
|
Term
| what was a galleon and what did it do? |
|
Definition
| heavily armed ships used to carry silver |
|
|
Term
| IN what way did the importation of American gold and silver affect the Spanish economy |
|
Definition
| Rise in prices and inflation |
|
|
Term
| What was the treaty of Tordesillas |
|
Definition
| Treaty between Castille(spain) and portugal for division of Land |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Strips of land along coast given to nobles |
|
|
Term
| How much of the brazilian population were slaves by 1700? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the primary difference between the Spanish and Portuguese empires? |
|
Definition
| Spanish empires were mainly American while Portugal included outposts in Africa, Asia, and Brazil |
|
|
Term
| What was the negative impact of the discovery of gold on Portugal? |
|
Definition
| Imbalance in trade. Gold went from Portugal to england and created dependency |
|
|
Term
| On what was the social hierarchy in the Americas developed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the result of 18th century Spanish reforms in America? |
|
Definition
| The french intendency system was introduced, Government was improved, influence and power of Creole bureaucrats was disrupted |
|
|
Term
| What were the impacts of Bourbon reforms on colonial economy? |
|
Definition
| State monopolies were established and new regions were open for development |
|
|
Term
| What accounts for the general failure of 18th century colonial revolutions against Spanish and Portuguese rule? |
|
Definition
| Racial/social groups failed to act together to unseat colonial government |
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