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| yearly meeting where mountain men traded furs for supplies |
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| an opening between mountains |
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| to leave one country to live in another country |
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| a lightweight covered wagon |
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| to add to or a make a part of |
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| men who made their living by fur trapping in the mountains |
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| a major route traveled by pioneers heading west from Independence, MO to the Columbia River in Oregon |
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| a belief held during the 1800s that Americans had the right and the duty to spread across the continent to the Pacific Ocean |
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| people of Mexican heritage who considered Texas their home |
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| empresario (em press ah ree oh) |
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| person who agreed to recruit settlers to Texas for Spain in the early 1800s |
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| improve or change for the better |
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| in 1821 he established first American settlement in Texas |
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| 1800s ruler of Mexico who defeated Texans at the Battle of the Alamo |
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| nickname for California after it declared its independence from Mexico |
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| cede (pronounced just like seed) |
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| to give up something such as land |
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| land acquired by the U.S. from Mexico under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Gwad ah loop eh Heh doll go)in 1848 |
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| strip of land in present-day Arizona and New Mexico that the U.S. bought from Mexico in 1853 |
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| gold seekers who went to California in 1849 |
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| miner who explores area for mineral deposits such as gold |
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| vigilante (vij ah lan tee) |
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| citizens who take the law into his or her own hands (without official law enforcement procedures) |
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| He led the Mormons to settle in Utah Territory. |
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| founder of the Mormon religion (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) |
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| owned a sawmill along the American River near Sacramento, California, where gold was discovered in 1848 |
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| Marcus and Narcissa Whitman |
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| set up a Christian mission in Oregon to convert Native Americans to Christianity |
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| 11th President of the U.S. from 1845-1849; favored annexing Oregon and Texas to the U.S. |
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| commander of Texas troops who defeated the Mexican army; president of the Republic of Texas (1836) |
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| river that forms the border between the U.S. and Mexico |
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| a montain range mostly in California |
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| capital of present-day New Mexico |
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