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| a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches |
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| ○ German theologian who led the Reformation; believed that salvation is granted on the basis of faith rather than deeds (1483-1546 |
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| ○ (1409–49) In Roman Catholicism, an effort to strengthen the authority of church councils over that of the papacy. Originally aimed at ending the Western Schism, the Conciliar Movement had its roots in legal and intellectual circles in the 13th century but emerged as a force at the Council of Pisa (1409), which elected a third pope in an unsuccessful attempt to reconcile the parties of the existing pope and antipope. A second council, the Council of Constance (1414–18), ended the schism by voiding all papal offices and electing a new pope. Participants hoped to play an ongoing role in the church, but the popes continued to seek supremacy, and the Council of Basel (1431–49) ended fruitlessly. |
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| ○ the council in 1414-1418 that succeeded in ending the Great Schism in the Roman Catholic Church |
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| ○ English theologian whose objections to Roman Catholic doctrine anticipated the Protestant Reformation (1328-1384) |
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| ○ Czechoslovakian religious reformer who anticipated the Reformation; he questioned the infallibility of the Catholic Church was excommunicated (1409) for attacking the corruption of the clergy; he was burned at the stake (1372-1415) |
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| ○ followers of John Wycliffe; they believed that the Bible was the sole authority in religion and that every man had the right to read and interpret it for himself |
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| ○ the remission by the pope of the temporal punishment in purgatory that is still due for sins even after absolution; "in the Middle Ages the unrestricted sale became a widespread abuse" |
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| ○ Church that Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses on |
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| ○ a document written by Martin Luther in 1517, challenged the teachings of the Catholic Church on the nature of penance, the authority of the pope and the usefulness of indulgences. |
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| ○ Holy Roman Emperor from 1500-1558, opposed Luther and tried to outlaw him and his followers as heretics |
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| ○ Country now known as Germany. At the Diet of Worms (1521) the Holy Roman Emperor held an assembly with all the Imperial States. The Edict declared Luther to be an obstinate heretic and banned the reading or possession of his writings. |
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○ Swiss theologian whose sermons began the Reformation in Switzerland (1484-1531)
○ Argued against sacraments because priest are not intermediate between God and people
○ Believed in memorial view of Eucharist |
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○ Treaty between Chares V and Alliance of Lutheran princes.
○ It officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christendom permanent within the Holy Roman Empire. The Peace established the principle "Cuius regio, eius religio," which allowed German princes to select either Lutheranism or Catholicism within the domains they controlled, ultimately reaffirming the independence they had over their states. Subjects, citizens, or residents who did not wish to conform to the prince's choice were given a period in which they were free to migrate to different regions in which their desired religion had been accepted. |
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| Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564) |
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| ○ being determined in advance; especially the doctrine (usually associated with Calvin) that God has foreordained every event throughout eternity (including the final salvation of mankind) |
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| ○ a French Calvinist of the 16th or 17th centuries |
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| ○ Consort Queen of France who ordered the extermination of all Huguenots on St. Bartholomew's Day massacre |
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| St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre |
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○ The killing of all the Huguenot leaders in france ordered by Catherine de Medicis
○ August 23, 1572 |
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○ King of France who converted from Calvinism to Catholocism before being crowned
○ Enacted the Edict of Nantes |
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| ○ granted religious freedom to the French Huguenots in 1610 under Henry IV. It was rejected by Louis XIV in 1685 because he thought religious unity was necessary for the monarchy's strength and dignity. |
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| ○ King of England from 1509 to 1547; his divorce from Catherine of Aragon resulted in his break with the Catholic Church in 1534 and his excommunication 1538, leading to the start of the Reformation in England (1491-1547) |
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| ○ That branch of the Protestant Church which, at the Reformation, was adopted in England. It disavowed the authority of the Pope, and rejected certain dogmas and rules of the Roman Church |
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| ○ first wife of Henry VIII; Henry VIII's divorce from her was the initial step of the Reformation in England (1485-1536) |
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| ○ daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England from 1553 to 1558; she was the wife of Philip II of Spain and when she restored Roman Catholicism to England many Protestants were burned at the stake as heretics (1516-1558) |
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| ○ Queen of England from 1558 to 1603; daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; she succeeded Mary I (who was a Catholic) and restored Protestantism to England; during her reign Mary Queen of Scots was executed and the Spanish Armada was defeated; her reign was marked by prosperity and literary genius |
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| ○ A term used with increasing frequency to refer to the Anabaptist movement - in other words, the wing of the Reformation which went beyond what Luther and Zwingli envisaged. |
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| ○ Followers of a Protestant movement in the 16th century that believed in the primacy of the Bible, baptized only believers, not infants, and believed in complete separation of church and state |
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| ○ Spaniard and Roman Catholic theologian and founder of the Society of Jesus; a leading opponent of the Reformation (1491-1556) |
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| ○ a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathen; it is strongly committed to education and scholarship |
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| ○ the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected); many leaders were Jesuits |
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| ○ seek out heretics and blasphemers (censorship) ○ initiated in 1478 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella that guarded the orthodoxy of Catholicism in Spain ○ Administered by both civil and church authorities which gave it ultimate power. ○ Torquemada headed it in Spain. |
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| Index of Prohibited Books |
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| ○ A list of publications prohibited by the Catholic Church |
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| ○ a council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 to examine and condemn the teachings of Martin Luther and other Protestant reformers; redefined the Roman Catholic doctrine and abolished various ecclesiastical abuses and strengthened the papacy |
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○ a branch in mathematics focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. This subject constitutes a major part of modern mathematics education
○ Leibniz and Newton are usually both credited with the invention of calculus |
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○ ancient Athenian philosophers; pupil of Plato
○ Earth Center of universe |
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| ○ Alexandrian astronomer (of the 2nd century) who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until the late Renaissance |
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| ○ (Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology; presented philosophical proofs of the existence of God (1225-1274) |
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| ○ the system of philosophy dominant in medieval Europe; based on Aristotle and the Church Fathers |
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| ○ Philosophy of Thomas Aquinas that there are two realms: earth and heavenly. The heavenly realm is made of this substance which is pure, complete (doesn’t change), and cannot be found on earth |
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○ ancient Athenian philosopher; pupil of Socrates; teacher of Aristotle (428-347 BC)
○ Mathematics |
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| ○ humanist curriculum (philosophy, music, mathematics) ○ a system of philosophical and theological doctrines composed of elements of Platonism and Aristotelianism and oriental mysticism; ○ the first principle and source of reality transcends being and thought and is naturally unknowable) ○ A major influence on early Christian writers and on later medieval and Renaissance thought and on Islamic philosophy" |
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| ○ Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543) |
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| ○ Danish astronomer whose observations of the planets provided the basis for Kepler's laws of planetary motion (1546-1601) |
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| ○ German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630) |
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| ○ a short treatise published in New Latin by Galileo Galilei in March 1610. It was the first scientific treatise based on observations made through a telescope. It contains the results of Galileo's early observations of the Moon, the stars, and the moons of Jupiter |
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| ○ Secret order of priests and academics who tried to silence Galileo |
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○ Book by Isaac Newton that explains the essential structure of the universe
§ Matter is always the same: essence is dead (lifeless) |
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| ○ English statesman and philosopher; precursor of British empiricism; advocated inductive reasoning (1561-1626) |
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| ○ French philosopher and mathematician; developed dualistic theory of mind and matter; introduced the use of coordinates to locate a point in two or three dimensions (1596-1650) |
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○ "I think therefore I am"
- Descartes |
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○ a movement in Europe from about 1650 until 1800 that advocated the use of reason and individualism instead of tradition and established doctrine
○ the Enlightenment brought about many humanitarian reforms |
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○ influential German idealist philosopher (1724-1804)
○ Dualism |
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| ○ the doctrine that reality consists of two basic opposing elements, often taken to be mind and matter (or mind and body), or good and evil (Kant) |
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○ Dutch philosopher who espoused a pantheistic system (1632-1677)
○ Pantheism |
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| ○ the doctrine or belief that God is the universe and its phenomena (taken or conceived of as a whole) or the doctrine that regards the universe as a manifestation of God (Spinoza) |
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| ○ the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation |
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| ○ the intellectuals of the 18th century Enlightenment who promoted "Republic of Letters" which crossed national boundaries and allowed intellectuals to freely exchange books and ideas |
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○ French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778)
○ Candide
Francois Marie Arouet |
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| ○ English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704) |
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| Two Treatises on Government |
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○ Written by John Locke
○ The First Treatise attacks patriarchalism in the form of sentence-by-sentence refutation of Robert Filmer's Patriarcha and the Second Treatise outlines a theory of political or civil society based on natural rights and contract theory. |
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| ○ a young mind not yet affected by experience (according to John Locke) |
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○ French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)
○ The Spirit of Laws |
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| ○ In this political treatise Montesquieu advocates constitutionalism and the separation of powers, the abolition of slavery, the preservation of civil liberties and the rule of law, and the idea that political and legal institutions ought to reflect the social and geographical character of each particular community |
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○ French philosopher and writer born in Switzerland; believed that the natural goodness of man was warped by society; ideas influenced the French Revolution (1712-1778)
○ The Social Contract |
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○ the book in which Rousseau theorized about the best way in which to set up a political community in the face of the problems of commercial society
○ Everyone has a voice, the king is not divinely empowered |
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| ○ Philanthropist and the first English prison reformer |
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| ○ Italian philosopher and politician best known for his treatise On Crimes and Punishments (1764) |
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| ○ condemned torture and the death penalty, and was a founding work in the field of penology. |
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| ○ French philosopher who was a leading figure of the Enlightenment in France; principal editor of an encyclopedia that disseminated the scientific and philosophical knowledge of the time (1713-1784) |
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○ Religious Society of Friends: a Christian sect founded by George Fox about 1660; commonly called Quakers
○ A central belief was that ordinary people could have a direct experience of the eternal Christ |
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| ○ Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790) |
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| ○ British philosopher and writer Adam Smith's 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics. |
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○ A French term, meaning "leave alone to act freely," used to describe an approach to business that rejects governmental regulation.
○ Precursor to Capitalism |
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| ○ English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679) |
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○ English mathematician and physicist; remembered for developing the calculus and for his law of gravitation and his three laws of motion (1642-1727)
Applies Galileo physics with Kepler astronomy |
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○ French writer regarded as the originator of the modern essay (1533-1592)
○ Humanism: skeptic - Christianity on faith alone
○ Tolerance |
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○ a book written by Sir Thomas More (1516) describing the perfect society on an imaginary island
○ Private wealth source of human greed and cruelty |
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○ English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)
○ Overcome internal weakness: struggle against fate
○ Conflict between renaissance ideals and man's evil nature |
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○ a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527)
○ Wrote The Prince and said politics require rational deployment of force
○ Better to be feared than loved |
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○ German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468)
○ Moveable metal type
○ Books in vernacular: church no longer in control |
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○ Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance (1377-1446)
○ Sculptor and architect: San Lorenzo Dome |
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○ Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect
○ The most versatile genius of the Italian Renaissance (1452-1519) |
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○ Spanish writer best remembered for `Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616)
○ Attacks excess of Catholic Church |
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○ Physics of body motion and universal truths
○ Order and uniformity of nature (no difference between heavens and earth)
○ Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642) |
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