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| the bubonic plague. A disease that was carried by fleas on black rats. |
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| the wage earners of Florence, the weavers of Ghent, and the poor of Paris |
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| were involved in rebellions |
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| Between France and England |
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| Battles of Crecy and Poitiers |
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| the english inflicted terrible defeats on French knights at these battles |
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| won by the English under Henry V during the Hundred Years War |
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| helped rescue France. She believed that God had commanded her to drive the English out of France. |
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| strongly upheld papal claims to supremacy over secular rulers. He wrote Unam Sanctam and Clericis Laicos. He engaged in conflict between Philip IV of France. |
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| taxed the church in his land to raise revenue to war. This was opposed by Pope Boniface VIII |
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| Benedict XI and Clement V |
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| Boniface's two successors |
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| a town on the southeastern French frontier. Popes lived luciously here. |
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| during this time the popes wer all French and resided in Avignon, not Rome. |
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| wrote On Ecclesiastical Power. He vigorously supported the doctrine of papal power. |
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| wrote The Defender of Peace. He held that the state ran according to principles that had nothing to do with religous commnads originating in a higher realm. |
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| returned the papacy to Rome |
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| Urban VI was a horrible pope, so Clement VII was elected. But Urban would not back down so there were two popes. Then the Council of Pisa desposed of both Urban and Clement and elected a new pope. |
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| it resulted in all three of the popes leaving office |
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| advocated councils in the clergy |
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| condemned the Conciliar Movement as heretical |
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| He believed the clergy were not needed in order for people to have a relationship with God |
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| a Czech who advocated translations of the bible for common people |
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| a Scottish Franciscan who held that human reason cannot prove beliefs about God like that he rewards the righteous and punishes the wicked |
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| siad that natural reason could not prove God's existence |
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| described seven coverings of the eye and then concluded taht God had fashioned the eye in this manner in order to express the seven gifts of the spirit |
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| regarded people as "inferior" and "superior" |
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| an English treaty that said the French daughter of Charles VI would marryh the English ruler Henry V |
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