-Maintained some rituals of the catholic church

-changed other rituals to reflect thier beliefs

Conservative stable reform attracted german princes

Led by Ulrich Zwingli in Zurich, Switzerland

Abolished catholic Lithurgy and rituals, anything not supported in the scripture.

Split between luther and zwingli over the eucharist

consubstantiation vs memorialization

Anabaptists-Most radical group to emerge

baptists,hutterites and mennonites

Munster 1534- brought down by a siege of catholic forces

Transubstantiation

&

Consubstantiation

Bread and wine turns into flesh and blood of jesus christ

Luther believed that flesh,blood,bread and wine were present.

Calvinism

&

John Calvin

Born in france but settled in geneva switzerland

people in geneva lived under his strict control

Believed in predestination i.e God has decided if we were going to heaven or hell regardless of our behaviour.

founder of ecclesiastical ordinance: every citizen must attend church 5 times a week and on sunday.

Mother of Charles IX

she was regent to charles IX i.e power behind the throne

partly responsible for starting the french wars of religion

because charles was only 10 years old

Attempted to murder Admiral Louis de coligny because she felt he was a threat to the throne.

__________Factories were established in Africa

During the 16th century 250,000 were brought to the new world

20% perished in the middle passage

by the 19th century 12million had been brought from africa

was abolished in britain in 1833 and 1865 in the USA.

French nobles (the fronde) made an uprising that challeneged his throne

He was guided by Cardinal Mazarin

Taught the art of using rituals and ceremony to secure his throne

constructed the palace of versailles that could house 10,000 people\Described as the "sun king" cos he shone brighter than everyone else. l'etat c'est moi

With increasing pressure from the hasburgs, they revolted and crowned frederick V of the palatinate who was referred to as the king of winter because he didnt last a year in office king.

Ferdinand II tried to reconvert his territory and he sent in troops to enforce his rule. frederick didnt attend the battle cos he was hungover.

30 years war (danish and swedish phase)

Foriegn involvement

Christian IV of denmark wanted greater control over the baltic sea ports. he proved no match for the Holy Roman Empire.

Gustavus Adolphus of sweden had a disciplined army.

Short term: left the economy and countryside in ruins

nobles increased taxes on peasants in order to pay for the war

unemployed marauding soldiers looted countryside

Long term: Increased toleration

Increased centralization of states.

Summoned by king louis XVI after 175 years.

They represented 3 different groups:

First estate: clergy;less than 1% of the population

Second estate: Nobles less than 2% of the population

Third estate: Peasants, urban laborers and Bourgeoisie

A period during the revolution under the rulership of the national convetion when the comittee of public safety dominated by ropesbierre and jacobin cndemned 40,000 people labelled as enemies of revolution to death. it ended when robespierre himself was charged and executed as an enemy of the revolution.

Led to an increase in the amount of land under cultivation

consolidated land holdings

selective breeding of livestock

application of scientific agriculture

jethro tull-helped bring about the british agricultural revolution

A period when robespierre was beheaded by his former colleagues

also a governmental structure called the "directory" was set up. It contained 2 legislative councils an excutive branch of 5 directors and it was plagued by political instability.

also called the century of genius

northern europe was centre of this development

built telescope to view a lager universe in 1609

proved the earlier theories of copernicus

evidence that it was a sun centred universe

was forced to renounce his views in order to avoid torture

shared his work in latin,italian and vernacular

an english politician as well as a scientist

championed observation and inductive reasoning

norvum organum

viewed that the physical world was guided by mathematical principles

he developed the rules of physics

discovered the idea of gravity

he experimented with optics

wrote the book principa mathematicia ( what keeps the earth in motion and why does something fall.

french mathematician

celebrated the power of human reason

"i think therefore i am"

called by pope paul II in order to combat some issues presented by the protestants in 1545.

They affirmed essential roles of priesthood and sacraments

ordered strict observance of clerical vows& condemned the selling of church offices.

assured that there would be no reconciliation between catholics and protestants.

Declared independence in america in 1776

was third president of the united states

was a spokesman for democracy

and embraced republicanism.

played a big role in the American Revolution

The Jesuits or

The society of jesus

founded in 1540

by ignatius loyola who was a spanish nobleman who was wounded in batlle which led to a spiritual awakening.

it was organized on a military model

"The spiritual exercises" was a book on his meditations on sin and the life of christ.Followers had increased to a 1000 men at time of death.

ferdinand and issabella were the most catholics of the monarchs so they expelled jews and muslims. and anyone was acuused was guilty until proven innocent

and thier properties were confisicated

they used violent torture methods to get confessions.

established by Henry IV

allowed huguenots to worship[ in private houses and designated towns . this leads to the end of the wars of religion.

Member of the hasburg family

his empire included spain,portugal,netherlands,milan,naples,claims to america, africa and the crowns of france of england.

he was a fanatic defender of the cathlic faith

wanted an annulment of his marriage to catherine of aragon because she didnt have a male child.

Act of supremacy: he made himself the head of the church instead of the pope

daughter of catherine of aragon

was a devout catholic and aimed to restore catholicisim

she married philip III from spain

died childless

cuius regio, eius religio

the religion of the prince is the religion of the people.

The choice of the prince decides the religion of the territory

was appointed by louis XIII in 1624

Ruled france for 18 years.

had 3 main goals:

i)defeat the huguenots:because he was catholic he confined them to one town

ii) Quell the nobility: changed the form of government.

iii) Restore prestige of france in the world: by increasing military might,cultural dominance

A french politician 

served under louis XIV as minister of finance

was recommended by cardinal mazarin

Was pathologically imbalanced

He executed more than 10,000 people.

Russia descended into the time of troubles after his death

was about 7ft tall

He encouraged industrialization and created new structures for government.

From his reign foward russia became a main factor in european history

A book published by two monks it contained facts about witchcraft. claimed that witches got together on thursdays. Most accusations occured in places were chaos and warefare had recently occured.

The scapegoats were mostly single elderly women

a british philosopher

wrote an essay concerning human understanding

wrote two treatsies of government and the "social compact"

A french lawyer

wrote "the spirit of laws"- No one structure of government suited all countries. He said a system of government should relate to the size of the country.

was first edited by Denis diderot

First published in 1751 in france

Contained essays from many great thinkers

introduced by adam smith.

He argued that individual interests naturally harmonized with the interests of the society as a whole.

Inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations.

Born in Corsica

Attended a military college in france

Was ruthlessly ambitious

put down a parisian mob in october of 1795

Married josephine gaining connection to the directory