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| a civilization that was absorbed by Rome. From the Etruscans the Romans got purple robes, ivory charoits, thrones for state officials |
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| aristocrats by birth who regarded themselves as the preservers of sacred traditions |
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| conflict between the patricians and the plebeians |
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| Two annually elected executives the Centuriate Assembly and the Senate. The two consuls commanded the army, served as judges, and initiated legislation.D |
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| In times of crisis, the consuls were authorized by the Senate to nominate one of these |
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| The Plebeian Assembly/Tribal Assembly |
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| This assembly could elect tribunes who were empowered to protect plebian rights. The Plebian assembly was later enlarged and called the tribal assembly |
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| gave plebeians some degree of protection against unfair and oppressive patrician officials |
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| a great orator, and a member of the ruling elite. He believed that the aristocrats should rule, and the "weaker" should be willing to let the strong rule. |
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| The Italian Confederation |
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| formed by Rome. It gave the Italians a measure of security and order. Rome protected the Italians. |
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| It was founded in 800 BC in North Africa by the Phoenicians. It was located in the western Mediterranean. It had become a prosperous commercial center. |
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| A war between Rome and Carthage. After this war Carthage had to surrender Sicily to Rome. |
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| Carthaginian expansion in Spain led to this war. The Carthaginian army was commanded by Hannibal. |
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| leader of the Carthagaginians during the Second Punic War. He was a military genius. |
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| the Carthaginian forces destroyed a Roman army of sixty thousand soldiers |
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| Defeated Hannibal at the battle of Zama in North Africa. This ended the Second Punic War. |
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| Occured when Philip V of Macedonia formed an alliance with Hannibal |
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| The Romans were bent on revenge and had this unnecessary war with Carthage, although Carthage was by the a second rate power |
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| the law of nations, or peoples |
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| tax collectors, prosperous landownere who "milked" as much tax money as they could from taxpayers |
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| led a revolt of the gladiators |
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| a Roman writer. Wrote "Natural History" |
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| denounced Socrates for undermining respect for Athenian law |
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| seriousness, a virtue most cherished by the Romans |
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| Rome's greatest playwright, adopted features of the fourth and third century Greek comedy. |
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| a Roman playwright. Was brought to Rome as a slave. His Latin style was superior to Plautus, but he didn't have his humor. |
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| The leading Roman Epicurean philosopher. He believed that religion caused people to perform evil deeds and caused them to experience horrible anxiety about deaht and eternal punishment. Mechanical laws, not the god, governed all physical happenings. |
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| Rome's finest orator. He was also a leading statesman. He sought to prevent one-man rule and in his writings he exhorted fellow Romans to serve their city. |
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| large plantations where slaves worked |
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| was elected tribune. He was a spokesperson for land reform. He implemented an old law that barred any Roman from using more than 312 acres of the state-owned land optained in the process of unitying Italy |
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| a younger brother of Tiberius. As tribune he gained the support of the Equites and gave citizenship to all Italians. He also helped the poor by enabling them to buy grain from the state at less than half of the market price and also used his brother's technique. |
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| the new class of plebeian business men |
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| The Greek queen of Egypt. Cleopatra became Julius Caesar's mistress. After Caesar's assassination she became Mark Anthony's lover. |
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| adopted a military policy that eventually contributed to the wrecking of the Republic. Marius disposed of a traditional property requirement for entrance into the army and filled his legions with volunteers from the urban poor. This resulted in a poor army. |
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| war in Italy because Italians were not being granted citizenship to Rome. |
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| war in Italy because Italians were not being granted citizenship to Rome. |
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| war in Italy because Italians were not being granted citizenship to Rome. |
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| king of Pontus in northern Asia Minor. He invaded the Roman province of Asia. |
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| had gained support in Rome, he was entrusted command when they were faced with the Mithridates crisis. Supporers of Marius wanted him to lead. Sulla wanted command, so he led the first march on Rome |
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| A ruling group of three. It consisted of Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus |
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| gained command of the legions in Gaul. Wrote the Commentaries. He had an exceptional talent for generalship. He marched on Rome and became a dictator. he lowered taxes, made the governors responsible to him, generously extended citizenship, and restrained buisnessmen from ruthlessly draining the provinces wealth. |
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| a member of a group of aristocrats who assassinated Caesar |
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| a trusted leuitenant of Caesar's who joined with Lepidus (also a trusted leuitenant) and Octavian (Caesar's adopted son) to defeat the armies of Brutus and Cassius, two conspirators in the plot against Caesar |
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| Octavian crushed the forces of Anthony and his wife (Cleopatra). |
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| Became Rome's first emperor.He held absolute power without abruptly breaking with a republican past. |
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