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Who/What: A cultural movement which restored the qualities of the classical sources.
When: Spans the 14th -> 17th Centuries
Where: Began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe. |
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Who/What: The Grand Duke of Tuscany and member of the Medici family, de facto rulers of Florence.
When: 1389 - 1464
Where: Florence, Italy
How it matters: Patron of the arts |
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Who/What: Italian Diplomat, Political Philosopher, Musician, Poet, Playwright, eventually the second chancery to Florence.
When: 1469 - 1527
Where: Florence, Italy
How it matters: Penned The Prince and Discourses on Livy which set the tone of Renaissance Politics. |
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Who/What: Movement that affected the cultural, political, social, and literary landscape of Europe. Revived the study of greek and latin.
When: The last decades of the 14th century through the renaissance.
Where: Florence and outward to Europe.
How it matters: Rejected Calvanist ideals in place of humanitarian. |
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Who/What: City in Italy, capital of the tuscany region.
When: ---
Where: Italy
How it matters: Focal point for most of the cultural, humanistic developments during the ren. |
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Who/What: German Monk, Theologian, University Professor, Father of Protestantism and church reformer.
When: 1483-1546
Where: Eisleben, Holy Roman Empire (Germany)
How it matters: Challenged the papacy, holding that the bible is the only infallible source. Was excommunicated and translated the bible so all could read. |
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Who/What: 19th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church.
When: 1545-1563
Where: Trent, Holy Roman Empire
How it matters: Condemned protestant heresies and defined church teachings. Answered protestant disputes. Major reform council that embodied the ideals of the Counter reformation. |
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Who/What: King of England, House of Tudor
When: 1491 - 1547
Where: England
How it matters: Seperated the Anglican Church from the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, the dissolution of monastaries, and declaring himself as the head of the church of England. |
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Who/What: Theologian and pastor
When: Protestant Reformation; 1509 - 1564
Where: France
How it matters: Created Calvanism, emphasizing the rule of god over all things. |
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Who/What: Roman catholic religious order of clerks regular, and eventually priests founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola.
When: 1534 - Present
Where: Jerusalem or wherever the pope decreed.
How it matters: Founded schools across Europe. Converted Non-Christians to Catholicism so they developed missionaries. Stop protestantism from spreading, turning the tides in Lithuania and Southern Germany. |
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Who/What: Treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkadic League.
When: 1555
Where: Bavaria, Germany
How it matters: It officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christiandom permanent within the Holy Empire. |
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Who/What: Founder of the Swedish Empire. King of Sweden
When: 1594 - 1632
Where: Sweden
How it matters: The Father of Modern Warfare. Aided the Protestant Cause. |
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Who/What: One of the most destructive conflicts in European History.
When: 1618-1648
Where: Primarily in Germany and in most countries across Europe.
How it matters: Fought as a largely religious conflict between the Protestants and the Catholics. Evolved into a more general war involving European powers. |
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Who/What: Two peace treaties of Osnabruk and Munster
When: 1648
Where: Osnabruk and Munster
How it matters: Ended the Thirty Years War in the Holy Roman Empire and the Eighty Years war between Spain and the Netherlands. |
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Who/What: English Physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist and theologian.
When: 1643-1727
Where: England
How it matters: Published Principia Mathematica which was one of the most prolific books in science. Removed the last doubts of Heliocentrism and advanced the scientific revolution. |
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Who/What: Tuscan Physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher
When: 1564-1642
Where: Tuscany, Italy
How it matters: The father of modern science. Attempted to prove Heliocentrism which led to the catholic church's retribution. Forced to recant his heliocentrism and spent the last years of his life under the supervision of the Roman Inquisition. |
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Who/What: Scientific Theory that posits the planets revolve around the Sun.
When: 1534
Where: Nuremburg, Germany - throughout Europe.
How it matters: Brought to the fore the decision to not take every passage of the bible literally. The church became more adamant about protecting the geocentric model. Pitted religion against science. |
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Who/What: Mathemetician, astronomer, astrologer
When: 1571 - 1630
Where: Germany
How it matters: laws of planetary motion, Created an improved version of the telescope. Incorporated religion into his works. |
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Who/What: a term used to describe a form of monarchical power that is unrestrained by other institutions.
When: 17th century - 19th century
Where: Europe
How it matters: epitome of divine right of kings. Rulers lavished themselves no expense. Division of Wealth |
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Who/What: The Estate of Louis the XIV
When: 1682
Where: Versailles, France
How it matters: Symbol of the opulence and grandeur of the absolutist elite. |
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Who/What: Civil War in France, occuring in the midst of the Franco-Spanish War
When: 1648-1653
Where: France
How it matters: Absolutist rule and depriving nobility of actual power was |
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Who/What: Doctrine that a monarch derives its right to rule by a divine source.
When: c. 1603-1688
Where: Western Europe (England, France)
How it matters: It established a holy authority which could not be questioned, which was absolutely useful in absolute governance. |
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Who/What: English Military and political leader
When: 1599-1658
Where: England
How it matters: Underwent a religious conversion and created an independent lifestyle of puritanism |
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Who/What: Constitutional government where an elected or herditary monarch
When: 1688
Where: Continental Europe
How it matters: Began to identify the leaders as the embodiment of the nation as opposed to the divine right. |
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Who/What: Associate of any number of religious orders advocating for more purity of worship and doctrine as well as personal and group piety.
When: 16th and 17th century
Where: England
How it matters: They believed the English Reformation had not gone far enough. |
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Who/What: The English, Scottish and Irish Monarchies were restored under Charles II following the English Civil War.
When: 1660
Where: England Scotland and Ireland
How it matters: Culture began to reemerge. Puritanism began to loose momentum. |
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