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| It is leadership of a powerful king. France implemented this. |
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| She was the protestant daughter of King James. Who did she marry:? They invaded England on behalf of protestantism and parliamentary government. The accepted accepted rule by constitutional compromise. |
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| She was the protestant daughter of King James. Who did she marry:? They invaded England on behalf of protestantism and parliamentary government. The accepted accepted rule by constitutional compromise. |
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| He was competent and dedicated. Helped partition Polarid in 1772. He also violated pragmatic sanction and invaded Silesia. |
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| Combined a quasi-republican form of government. Had a small base with great commercial power, political resilience, and artistic genius. Controlled by Hapsburgs since 15th century. 16th century became a vibrant trading center. 17th century was the golden age because ships were prevalent. 18th century became a time of trading supremacy in the Indian Ocean and Far East. |
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| Ruled from 1643 to 1715. Powerful centralized rule came under this man. Began ruling at age 5. |
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The XIV didn't like his ruling subjects, so he worked hard until he could make the monarchy the unchallenged center of political power in France.
Ruled without consulting assembly until he died.
Transformed the state into a confessional state by rescinding the limited toleration that the Edict of Nantes granted to the Hugenots in 1598. |
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Reigned for nearly 60 years.
Wished to raise taxes to meet its mounting military obligations, but the 13 parliaments refused. Didn’t want to make the wealthy help with the debt.
He became very unpopular and few mourned him when he died in 1774. |
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Ruled from 1520-1566
Ruled over 14 million subjects at a time when there were only two and one half million people living in Queen Elizabeth I's England.
After his death in 1566, Ottoman political leadership was compromised under a series of undistinguished sultans. |
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| Religious reformers said that the church of England looked like the discarded Roman Catholic predecessor. Too much reliance on bishops, elaborate rituals, and courts. |
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| Attempted to use their influence in Parliament for force the king's hand. Protracted clash with Puritan members of the parliament led the kind to dissolve the House of Commons in 1629. |
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| Civil war erupted in 1642 after the king unseccessfully attempted to impose the church of England's official prayer book on the Scottish Presbyterian church. Puritan forces were led by Oliver Cromwell. See Page 404 |
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| Polish nobility clung to its privileged status, enjoying the right to elect the monarch through their control of the legislative assembly. Each monarch found himself expanding the legal privileges of the aristocracy. . |
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| Rivalries among the mobility undermined the crown’s ability to maintain state sovereignty |
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Polish mathematician and astronomer, also Roman Catholic priest.
Challenged the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic model of the universe ( the idea that the earth is the center and everything revolves around it in perfect circles) |
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Followed the ideas a Plato, believing that the “ultimate reality,” (including the heavenly bodies), would be simple, rational, and comprehensible
The Ptolemaic model was not simple, because it involved orbits within orbits and more confusing ideas |
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Copernicus then placed the sun in the center and assembled mathematical proofs to support his hypothesis
He published the book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs, the church saw this as much of a threat as they saw Luther and the Protestant reformation |
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| A Danish astronomer that observed the planets regarding their movement. He wrote down much information and data. He found that the planets moved in perfect ellipses and their speed depended on how far the planet was from the sun. |
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Used the telescope (newly invented) and mathematics to confirm the Copernican theory of the sun being the center
Wrote Dialogue on the Two Great Systems of the World in Italian and dedicated it to the Pope |
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Believed that Plato’s theory was correct and that a mathematical expression was the best way to study the natural world
Was the first to discover the law of inertia (the idea that if a body was in motion it would stay in motion until an outside force deflected it), this was opposite of the thought during that time (which was the idea that the natural state of something was at rest until an outside force pushed it. |
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| He observed the rough places on the moon, sun spots, and discovered 3 of Jupiter’s moons. He was the first to believe that the moon was not a perfect sphere, but has mountains and craters like Earth. |
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Math professor at Cambridge. he believed that the study of nature was an exercise of Christian piety.
He discovered a law (Newton's law of universal gravitation) that showed all bodies in motion are intimately connected. |
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Wrote "The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" which was wehre he introduced and clarified the purpose of gravity.
He accredited gravity to God's eternal power. He was knighted by an English monarch. First scientist to have been knighted. |
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| Answered many issues about astronomy and physics that earlier scientists had been arguing about. |
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English philosopher. Advanced medical degree from Oxford.
Argued that no single individual was competent to rule in an unrestrained manner
Believed that when a child was born, they were a blank slate (no knowledge), and that knowledge was only found in their experience of the world |
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| Wrote Essay Concerning Human Understanding where he rejected the idea that one person was privileged with special knowledge of the divine mandate. |
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| Also advocated for the separation of church and state, believing that religion was a private matter |
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Studied the heart and its intricacies.
Discovered the heart's purpose and the circulation of blood. Used the microscope. |
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French mathematician. Believed that the claims of science were exaggerated.
Human condition was that of sinfulness and ignorance. He said that the central truths were beyond our understanding.
Organized religion and reliance on the grace of God was essential. Science and reason were not enough to explain purpose and destiny.
Believed that scientism would destroy all spiritual values if left unchecke which would lead to confidence in human powers (Humanism). |
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| Rejected the incarnation and the doctrine of the trinity, accepting Jesus as a great teacher but not God. |
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| - By the mid-eighteenth century a number of restorative movements were underway. In North America the great awakening started. The great awakening took aim at the rigidity and complacency of the state-sponsored religious establishment, calling for a return to revelation absent rationalist interpretation. In America George Whitfield transformed the message of unmerited free grace and need for personal transformation into a mass movement called the great awakening during the 1740s. |
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| Born in the republic of Geneva in French-speaking Geneva. His mother died soon after she gave birth, dad left him 10 years later. Rousseau denied that humans were inherently evil or corrupt at birth. He insisted instead that society itself was to blame for the poor state of human relations. Rousseau overturned the Hobbesians description of the hypothetical state of nature. He thought that society individuals seeking personal goals and protected in their quest by a government of laws. Rousseau demanded that people enter into social contract whereby they surrender their individual wills for the greater freedom of common good. |
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| approach to economic development, which may lead to true social harmony. (Please look this up for yourself) |
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| born 1759-1797. She was an author. She followed de Gouges work. Mary books was based upon the progress of humanity could not occur so long as women remained the virtual slaves of men. Wollstonecraft called for equal education opportunity for boys and girls; she insisted that existing social norms were the exclusive cause of women alleged incapacities. |
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| the belief that the total amount of wealth in the world was finite and that a country share of the wealth depended on its ability to protect its own agriculture and manufacturing sectors from foreign competition, was the leading economic theory. This impacted all across Europe and America from the 1500 to the late 1800. |
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| Scottish professor of political economy Adam Smith, German Emanuel Kant, Frech satirist and advisor to King Voltaire, and the American president Thomas Jefferson. These men and a few aristocratic women took all field of knowledge under their charge. |
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| Founded a dissenting branch of the official Anglican church that came known as Methodism. |
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Drive for comprehensive political rights after 1830
-was lead by middle class political radicals
-led by William Lovett
-they embraced peaceful reform (rallys, petitions with millions of signatures to parliament)
-supporters published a newspaper called the northern star
-it failed but provided an outlet for workers to express grievances.
-chartism represented the first mass political movement in Britian |
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meeting in the Austrian city of vienna
-France was forced to pay 700million France's indemnity, and retract its eastern frontier .
-prince Clemnes Von Metternich=leading figure at the congress
-Poland was restored as a state |
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| Utilitarian reform—common man deserved political rights by virtue of his status as a citizen.. in Britain Bentham rejected the natural rights philosophy of the enlightenment and maintained that all formal institutions (government) was to promote greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. Called for reform on immediate needs of the majority. |
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German philosopher-published the communist manifesto-called for the working class to overthrow the capitalist economic system by force.
--with the understanding of scientific laws people could take control of their destiny
--was the founder of communism |
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believed that humans possessed inherent rights. They called for political reform and equality before the law, and economic freedom.
-espoused the sanctity of private and supported written constitutions that restrained the power of the state
-members were aspiring middle class. Men who acquired significant economic power but lacked political rights and social status
-limit the state to basic needs of national defense and law enforcement .
-*most liberals were not democrats, small push for the voting rights of women but did not think that workers, peasants and the poor should be given vote |
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elected in December of 1848 as president of the second French republic(nephew of napoleon Bonaparte)
--within 3 years of being elected he overthrew the republic and decared himself as emperor of the French |
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—and English clergyman—believed that population would always outstrip food supply in a free market economy
--wrote the essay on the principle of population.
--said that if the govt’ raised wages people would just have more kids which then would lead to a downfall. |
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movement of arts and literature during the first half of the 19th century
-focus on individual creativity(anchored in emotions) celebration of spontaneity,
-artitst represented different political and spiritual persepectives
-impact—enhanced respect for human creative impulses rooted in emotions |
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English born Artisian who wrote the book "Common Sense." It helped rebuild borad support for an American repudiation of British rule..
Founding Padre! |
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| Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen |
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