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| a legal system based on custom and court rulings |
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| group of men sworn to speak the truth |
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| group of men sworn to speak the truth |
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| a practice, the emperor or another lay person (a person who is not a member of the clergy) invested or presented, bishops with the ring and staff that symbolized their office. |
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| where were feudal monarchs placed in society? |
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| did Monarchs have a lot of power? |
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| nobles and church compared to monarch in power |
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| had equal or even more power |
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| who had their own courts, collected their own taxes, fielded their own armies. |
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| what did monarchs do to centralize power? |
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| they expanded the royal domain, set up a system of royal justive that undermined feudal or church courts. Organized a gov't bureaucray, developed a system of taxes, and built a standing army. |
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| what happened usually to English kingdoms as a result to feudalism? |
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| The English rulers generally kept their kingdoms united |
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| which king died in 1066 and why was it important? |
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| Anglo-Saxon kind Edward died and he had no heir |
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| who decides who rules, if there is no heir? |
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Who was chosen to take Edwards spot?
who wanted the spot? |
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| His brother-in-law Harold, but Duke William of Normandy fought for the throne |
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| Who fought for King Edward's throne? |
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| Duke William of Normandy and Harold |
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| What happened when Harold and William fought? |
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| Duke William won the backing of the pope. |
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| william and his norman knights triumphed over harold. On christmas 1066 he was now called William the conqueror, assumed crown of england. |
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| William was or was not like other monarchs? |
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| was, he granted fiefs to the church and his norman lords, barons but he kept large part for himself. |
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| What did William do in 1086 |
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| he had a complete census taken, the result was the Domesday Book |
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| what is the domesday book? |
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| it listed every castel, field, and pigpen in England. |
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| what did the Domesday book build? |
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| efficient system of tax collecting |
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| what did the exchequer include? |
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| fees, fines, and other dues |
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| what did King Henry II do? |
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broadened the system of royal justice
he sent out traveling justices to enforce royal laws. |
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| What did England develop from Henry II? |
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Definition
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| What did Henrys efforts lead to? |
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| a bitter dispute with the church |
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| he was Henry's good friend, but then opposed his move. |
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who said this quote?
"What a pack of fools and cowards I have nourished," he cried, "that not one of them will avenge me of this turbulent priest." |
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| what did the 4 knights do after hearing Henry's statement in 1170? |
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| they murdered Becket, Henry denied any part in the attack, Becket was named a saint and a martyr. |
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he was an untrustworthy ruler
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| king phillip II of France, Pope Innocent III, and his own English nobles |
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| What land did John give up to Phillip? |
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Definition
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| What happened when John fought pope innocent? |
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| the pope excommunicated John and then put an interdict on England |
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| How did John anger his nobles? |
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Definition
| oppresive taxes and other power problems. |
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| what was made in 1215? and who was the cause of it? |
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| the magna carta, it was made to stop John |
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what did this quote form?
"by legal judgement of his peers or by the law of the land" |
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Definition
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| two important ideas of Magna Carta: |
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Definition
it asserted that the nobles had certain rights.
made clear that the monarch must obey the law |
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| what is the great council? |
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good advice
evolved into parliment |
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french word parler "to talk"
helped unify England |
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| what happened between Edward and Parliment in 1295 |
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| Edward I summoned Parliament to approve money for his wars in France |
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| "what touches all should be approved by all." is said by who? |
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| what did the "commons" include? |
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| two knights from each country and representatives of the towns. |
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| two house body of Parliment: |
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| house of lords and house of commons |
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"power of the purse"
explain |
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parliment gained this, they won the right to approve any new taxes
Edward I summoned parliment to approve funding for his military activities against france |
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took the open throne, too weak to pose a threat.
won support of church, and made it hereditery lasted 300 years.
built an effective bureaucracy |
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| who had became the most powerful ruler in Europe when he died in 1223? |
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who ascended the throne in 1226?
what did he do? |
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Louis IX
expanded royal courts, outlawed private wars, and ended serfdom in his lands. |
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who was Louis IX's grandson?
who did he clash with? |
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| philipIV clashed with Pope Boniface VIII |
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| what is the estates general? |
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Philip IV set it up in 1302
has representatives from all three classs: clergy, nobles, townspeople.
did not gain as much as parliment. |
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who is richard?
what does Richard the Lion do? |
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he is Henry II's son. John's brother
he becomes king
had great PR but not very good king.
After he died, John became king. |
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| "the english church shall be free" |
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| the king wont be able to be in charge of the church |
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king of Germany
worked closely with church
defeated roman nobles |
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| what happened in 962 with Otto? |
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Definition
| he was crowned an emperor |
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| why the holy roman empire? |
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Definition
holy- crowned by the pope
roman- saw themselves as heirs to the emperors of ancient Rome |
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| what were people's thoughts on Pope Gregory VII |
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Definition
many admired and revered him, he probably aroused more hatred and contempt than did any other pope of his time.
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| what did Pope Gregory VII do? |
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Definition
he was determined to make the church independent of secular rulers.
he banned the practice of lay investiture |
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| Holy Roman emperor Henry IV thought what of Pope Gregory VII's banning of lay investiture? |
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Definition
he argued that bishops held their lands as royal fiefs.
Gregory VII eventually exocommunicated Henry |
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| what happened when Pope Gregory exocommunicated Henry? |
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Definition
he crowned a new emperor, then, Henry had to make amends with him, he crossed the icy alps and presented himself to the pope as a repentant sinner.
Gregory had no choice but forgave him and lifted the exocomminication. eventually henry forced Gregory into exile |
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| in it they agreed that the church had the sole power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority, the emperor had the right to invest them with fiefs |
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| who is Frederick Barbarossa |
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Barbarossa - red beard
dreamed of building an empire from the Baltic to the Adriatic. He wanted to get Italy under his control. the people there joined forces with the pope in Lombard League, and defeated Barbarossa |
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| What did Barbarossa gain from trying to get Italy? |
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his son Henry and Constance, heiress to sicily
they had a child named Frederick II
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| son of Henry and Constance, he spent most of time in Italy, and clashed with popes. and like grandfather, tried to subdue northern italy, but failed. |
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| what happened in 1209 with Innocent aided by Philip II? |
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| they launched a brutal crusade (holy war) against the albigensians in south france. |
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| a policy of allowing people to worship as they choose |
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| Who took the title King of Germany? |
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| what was not unified until the 1870's? |
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| What did the Holy roman empire cover? |
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| area of present-day germany and parts of France and Italy |
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| who banned lay investiture? |
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| Who did the pope exocommunicate? |
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HRE can grant fiefs to bishops but pope grants spiritual titles
concordat- agreement
Worms - place |
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| Barbarossa tried to take over Italy, but what happened? |
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| the pope and his allies successfully resisted |
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| when is the power peak of popes? |
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| who's new civilization was from spain to india |
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| What kind of government did China have under Tang and Song dynasties? |
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Where are the Soninke people?
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| who fought the turks in the crusade? |
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| the byzantine emperor Alexius I with help of Pope Urban II |
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| when did thosands of knights go to the Holy land? and why did they go? |
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Definition
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| why did Urban help in the crusade? what were his motives? |
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| mixed motives, he hoped to increase his power in Europe and heal the split between roman and byzantine and also keep the Christian knights from fighting each other. |
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| In the first crusade... who captured Jerusalem in 1099? |
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the christians
they then killed jews and muslims |
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| how long did the crusades last for? |
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| the muslims repeatedly sought to destroy the Christian kingdoms. how many kingdoms were there? |
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| which Muslim leader took Jerusalem back from the christians? |
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| what happened in the third crusade? |
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| Europeans tried to retake Jerusalem, but failed. |
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| which french king led a crusade? |
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| what reached its greatest height as a result of the crusades? |
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| what happened in 1271 with Marco Polo? |
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| he set out for china with his father and uncle. he returned years later to venice. |
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what was Marco Polo's nickname?
why? |
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"prince of liars"
tales of china could be fake |
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What is the reconquista?
or the reconquest? |
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| its when the christians tried to drive the muslims from spain. |
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who controlled the entire Iberian Peninsula in 1300?
what was the exception |
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| Christians.. the exception was granada |
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Where is Isabellea from? where is Ferdinand from?
what did this marriage do?
what place did they get in together? |
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Definition
she is from Castile and he is from Aragon. opened way for unified state
together they got granda |
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| What did Isabella end in spain? |
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Definition
| she ended religious toleration |
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| what happened when Isabella took away religious tolleration? |
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| some important people flee away. |
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scholastic's method
tried to resolve the conflict between faith and reason |
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| stone supports that stood outside the church |
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| the artistic decoration of books |
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| What happened to start the crusades? |
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| the pope incited christians to free the jews from the muslims |
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| What did the crusades do to the relationship between the muslims and the christians |
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Definition
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| who was a french king that lead a crusade? |
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| how did the crusades get money |
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| what did the inquisition set people up for? |
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| If they did not conver to to christianity, they were burned |
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