Term
| what was marked by a new interest in the culture of Rome |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the center of the Roman Empire → logical place for the “reawakening” |
|
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Term
| what was different about Italy from the rest of Europe? |
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Definition
| Italy’s northern city states (prosperous centers of trade and manufacturing) survived the middle ages |
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Term
| 2 big city states in central and south |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how did Rich powerful merchants keep the cultural revival going? |
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Definition
| kept the cultural revival going by using their political and economic power to support education and arts |
|
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Term
| what did florence symbolize? |
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Definition
| the energy and brillianc of the italian renaissance |
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Term
| what was there a lot of in a short pd of time? |
|
Definition
| poets, scholars, scientists |
|
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Term
| what happened in the 1400s? |
|
Definition
| Medici’s organized successful banking business |
|
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Term
| what did this banking business do? |
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Definition
| lead to successes in wool manufacturing, and mining |
|
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Term
| As a result of this, what happened to the Medicis? |
|
Definition
| became richest and most powerful |
|
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Term
| what did Cosimo do? and who was grandson? what did his grandson do?how? |
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Definition
| he uncrowned Florentine ruler (1434). his grandson was Lorenzo, and he held florence together in late 1400s by being generous patron of arts. |
|
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Term
| what was the renaissance? |
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Definition
| Time of creativity and change in all areas, especially the way people viewed themselves and their world |
|
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Term
| what did the renaissance do? |
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Definition
• Renewed interest in classical learning of Greece and Rome
• Set out to transform their own age, believed it was a time of rebirth after the disorder and disunity of the medieval world
• Was not a complete break with medieval world though, as monks and scholars of the middle ages had preserved classical heritage and the language of Latin
• Renaissance thinkers explored human experience as opposed to life and death
• Emphasis on individual achievement |
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Term
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Definition
| intellectual movement based on the study of classical culture, focused on worldly subjects |
|
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Term
| what were the humanists view on education? |
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Definition
believed education should stimulate the individual's creative powers.
their schooling was greek and roman focused on rhetoric, poetry, and history |
|
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Term
| who was Francesco Petrarch? |
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Definition
| early humanist, assembled library of manuscripts that led previous famous works to become known, wrote Sonnets to Laura |
|
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Term
| what were the humanist concerns? |
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Definition
-portrayed religious figures on Greek or Roman backgrounds
- reflected individual achievement
-Donatello - statue of a soldier on horseback |
|
|
Term
what is this:
o Renaissance art made more realistic by rulers of perspective and shading
o Perspective- making distant objects smaller than those close to the viewer to show 3-dimensional art |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| making distant objects smaller than those close to the viewer to show 3-dimensional art |
|
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Term
| what role did woman artists play? |
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Definition
| Some women artist let their husbands pass their art as their own.Others did gain acceptance – Sofonisba Anguissola; court painter to King Philip II in Spain. |
|
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Term
| what are some examples of architecture? what happened to gothic style? |
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Definition
| rejected gothic style, and columns, arches and did domes from greek/roman time |
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Term
|
Definition
| Born in 1452, Made sketches of dissected corpse – muscles and tendons, first anatomists, He dissected people |
|
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Term
| some of his paintings, and what were they known for? |
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Definition
freshness and realism
mona lisa, and the last supper |
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Term
|
Definition
Botany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, engineering
made plane sketches and submarine |
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Term
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Definition
| sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, poet. |
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Term
| what was Michelangelo's most main project? |
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Definition
| painting a mural on the ceiling of the sistine chapel in rome. |
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Term
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Definition
| painter, studied Leonardo and Michelangelo's work. Best known for his classical styles and his portrayal of the mother of jesus. |
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Term
| Who painted the school of athens, and explain the painting? |
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Definition
Raphael, painted imaginary gathering of great thinkers, and scientists included leonardo, michelangelo, and himself in it.
one of the most famous paintings by Raphael. |
|
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Term
| what present day place did Flanders cover? |
|
Definition
| Frace, Belgium, and Netherlands. |
|
|
Term
| who enjoyed their great cultural rebirth 100 yrs later, in the 1500s? |
|
Definition
| Spain France Germany and England |
|
|
Term
| Who was called a "german Leonardo"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what did Albrecht Durer do? |
|
Definition
| he traveled to italy in 1494 to study the techniques of the italian masters. |
|
|
Term
| what happened with Durer returned? |
|
Definition
| he employed the methods of paintings, especially engravings. Most of his portrayed the religious upheaval. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| form of art, artist etches a design on a metal plate with acid. the artist then uses this plate to make prints. |
|
|
Term
| how did Durer bring the renaissance into his homeland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were Jan and Hubert van Eyck? ___job___ of _place__ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what did the van Eyecks develop? |
|
Definition
| oil paint. they produced strong colors, and a hard surface that could survive centuries. |
|
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Term
| what did Peter Bruegel do in 1500s. What did he change about future painters? |
|
Definition
| used vibrant colors to portray lively scenes of peasant life.changed future artists to paint daily life rather than religious or classical themes. |
|
|
Term
| what did Peter Paul Rubens blend in the 1600s? |
|
Definition
| the realistic tradition of Flemish painters like Bruegel with he classical themes and artistic freedom of the Italian Renaissance. |
|
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Term
| Norther European Humanist scholars stressed ________ and _________ learning, while they emphasized _____ themes. |
|
Definition
| Norther European Humanist scholars stressed _education_ and __classical__ learning, while they emphasized _religious_ themes. |
|
|
Term
| Who was Desiderius Erasmus? |
|
Definition
| the great Dutch priest and humanist |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| used his knowledge of classical languages to produce a new greek edition of the new testament. He also called for a translation of the bible in the vernacular. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| everyday language of ordinary people |
|
|
Term
| what did Erasmus think about open minds? |
|
Definition
| he thought an individual's chief duties were to be open-minded and of good will to others. |
|
|
Term
| what happened with Erasmus and the church? |
|
Definition
| distrubed by corruption in church, and called for reform. |
|
|
Term
| what book did Erasmus make? |
|
Definition
| the Praise of Folly, Erasmus uses humor to expose the bad behavior of people of his day. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Erasmus's friend, wanted social reform also. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Utopia, describes an ideal society in which all live in harmony |
|
|
Term
| what does UTOPIAN mean today? |
|
Definition
| describes any ideal society |
|
|
Term
| Who is Francois Rabelais? what were his jobs? |
|
Definition
| french humanist that had a varied career as a monk, physician, greek scholar, and author. |
|
|
Term
| what book did Rabelais make? |
|
Definition
| Gargantua and Pantagruel, advertures of two gentle giants, comical tale of travel and war. uses to offer his own opinions. |
|
|
Term
| William Shakespeare wrote how many plays between 1590 and 1613? (Where was he from) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Who was Miguel de Cervantes? Where was he from? what did he write? and what was it about? |
|
Definition
| a spanish writer, made Don Quixote which mocks romantic notions of medieval chivalry. Don Quixote is a foolish and idealistic knight |
|
|
Term
| What did Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, Germany do in 1456? |
|
Definition
| printed the first complete edition of the Bible using the first printing press and inks in the West. |
|
|
Term
| what was so good about the printed copies? |
|
Definition
| they were cheaper and easier to produce than hand-copied. more people learned to read. opened up to new knowledge. |
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|
Term
| Popes were patrons of what? what kind of life did they maintain? |
|
Definition
| they maintained a lavish lifestyle, and they were patrons of the arts. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a lessening of the time a soul would have to spend in purgatory, a place where souls too impure to enter heaven atoned for sins committed during their lifetimes. |
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Term
| In the middle ages the church had granted indulgences for things like going on a crusade, but by the late 1400s, how were they obtained? |
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Definition
| they could be obtained in exchange for money gifts to the church. |
|
|
Term
| People fought against indulgences, Erasmus urged what? |
|
Definition
| a return to the simple ways of the early christian club. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| protests against Church abuses erupted in to huge revolt. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| he was a german monk and professor and he triggered the revolt against the church. |
|
|
Term
| what happened in 1517 with Johann Tetzel? |
|
Definition
| he was a priest and he was on the outskirts of Wittenberg, he offered indulgences to any christian who contributed money for rebuilding the cathedral of St. Peter in rome. this insured going to heaven for the purchaser and their dead relatives. |
|
|
Term
| what was Luther's final outrage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the 95 theses, or 95 arguments against indulgences. this made furious debates. |
|
|
Term
| what were Luther's main arguments in 95 theses? |
|
Definition
| he argued that they had no basis in the bible, and that pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory, and that christians could be saved only through faith. |
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Term
|
Definition
give up his views,
the church called on Luther to do this.. |
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|
Term
| What happened when the church asked luther to recant? |
|
Definition
| he just came up with more radical doctrines, he urged christians to reject the authority of Rome, "because church was not reform itself, it must be reformed by secular authorities." |
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Term
|
Definition
| the pope excommunicated Luther, Charles V, the new HRE, summoned Luther to diet, or assembly of german princes, at Worms, Luther went ready to defend, but the emperor just asked him to give them up, Luther refused. |
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Term
charles declared Luther an _____.
some in ____ declared him a hero. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Luther taught what several beliefs? |
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Definition
1. he rejected church doctrine tht good deeds were necessary for salvation, instead, salvation achieved through faith.
2. bible as sole source of religious truth. denied church and pope.
3. rejected that priests and church hierarchy had special powers. |
|
|
Term
| what did Luther do with the bible? |
|
Definition
| translated it into the German vernacular so any ordinary person could study by themselves. he wasnted every town to have a school. |
|
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Term
| what else did Luther reject? |
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Definition
| 5 of 7 sacraments b/c bible didnt mention them. he banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimage, and prayers to saints, simplified teh ritual of the mass and emphasized the sermon. permitted clergy to marry. churches called Lutheran churches. |
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Term
| what was a name for Lutherans that came in 1530? |
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Definition
| Protestant. "protested" papal authority. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| they thought it would help church corruption, or, thought way to throw off rule of church and HRE, or for land. |
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Term
|
Definition
| peasants revolt. around germany, rebels calld for an end to serfdom and demanded other changes in lives. Luther denounced it. many people were killed. |
|
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Term
| what did the Peace of Augsburg (1555) do? |
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Definition
| allowed each prince to decide which religion, catholic or lutheran, would be allowed in their land. most north german chose lutheran, and south opp. |
|
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Term
| who were Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin |
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Definition
| Zwingli was a fan of Erasmus, rejected church rituals, stressed importance of bible. John Calvin, had big effect of direction of reformation. |
|
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Term
| what book did Calvin(french) write? |
|
Definition
| 1563, wrote Institutes of the Christian religion. set forth his religious beliefs. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| idea that god had long ago determined who would gain salvation. |
|
|
Term
| what did calvanists believe? |
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Definition
| world divided into 2 kinds of people, saints and sinners. |
|
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Term
| what happened in Geneva, switzerland? |
|
Definition
| asked calvin to lead their community, he set up govt run by church leaders. believed they were the "chosen people". he was very harsh, no dancing. believed in education,and women singing in church |
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Term
|
Definition
| government run by church leaders |
|
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Term
| by late 1500s, ______ spread to Germany, France, and Netherlands, england, and scotland. what happened after this? |
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Definition
| calvanism, fights broke out. Calvanists were attacked by Catholics and Lutherans. French Calvanists were called Huguenots. calvanists in the netherlands organized Dutch Reformed Church. |
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Term
|
Definition
| gave the sermons on the countryside, away from town authorities. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| clavanist from scotland, led religious rebellion. Scottish protestants overthrew their catholic queen, and set up presbyterian church. |
|
|
Term
| who were the anabaptists? |
|
Definition
| they believed that infants shouldnt be baptized and that they need to be when they are adults so they understand the meaning |
|
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Term
| what city did the Anabaptist sect take over? What happened between the lutherans and the catholics? |
|
Definition
| Munster, Germany. Lutherans and Catholics came together to fight them. |
|
|
Term
| who do the Amish, Mennonites, Quakers, and Baptists trace back to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what did John Wycliffe (english) do? |
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Definition
| called for a church reform in early 1300s. |
|
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Term
| waht did Henry VIII firmly stand against at first? and what was he awarded by the pope? |
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Definition
| firmly stood against the protestant revolt. the pope awarded him "defender of the faith" for a pamphlet he wrote denouncing Luther |
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Term
| after years of marriage in 1527, what happened? |
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Definition
| he was at odds with the church because henry and his spanish wife, Catherine of aragon, had one surviving child Mary Tudor, he thought he needed a male to keep england stable. so he wanted to remarry to Anne Boleyn, hoping for a son, so he asked to annul his marriage. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why didnt the pope let Henry VIII annul his marriage to Catherine of aragon? |
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Definition
| he did not want to offend the HRE Charles V, catherines nephew. |
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Term
| What was Henry's reaction to the popes decision? |
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Definition
| he was furious. he with parliament took over the english church and took it out of popes hands into his. 1543 Act of Supremacy, the only supreme head is Henry. people were killed for not listening. More was one of them, he was canonized by the catholic church. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who did henry appoint as archbishop? and what did this man do? then who did he marry? then what happened with her child? and then did he ever get a boy? |
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Definition
| Thomas Cranmer who annulled his marriage, and then married Anne Boleyn who bore him another daughter Elizabeth. Henry kept marrying, 4 times later, he had a son edward. |
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Term
| between 1536 and 1540 royal officers investigated english convents and monasteries and claimed that they were what? what did henry do with this? what was the new church of england called? |
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Definition
| claiming that they were centers of immprality, henry ordered them closed. then he took their wealth, and land, and granted some of this to nobles and other high ranked people, got support for Anglican Church. the new church of england |
|
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Term
| what happened when Henry died? and what did parliament do then? what was Cranmer's book? who took over after henry? what did they do about portestants? and then who took oveR? |
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Definition
| his son took over, and then parliament passed new laws that brought protestant reforms to england. Cranmer drew up Book of Common Prayer, which had protestant service with catholic doctrines too. After death, Mary Tudor took over. many protestants burned at stake. then elizabeth took over |
|
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Term
| what happened with the reform movement within the catholic church? |
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Definition
| the leader of this movement, known as the Catholic Reformation, was Pope Paul III. during 1530s and 40s he set out to revive moral authority of church and roll back the Protestant tide. to end corruption within the papacy itself, appointed reformers to key posts. they continued catholic reform. for the rest of the century |
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Term
Council of Trent 1545
what did it do? |
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Definition
| met off and on for almost 20 years, council reaffirmed traditional catholic views, which protestants had challenged. "salvation comes through faith" it provided stiffer penalties for worldliness and corruption among clergy, established schools to creat better educated clergy that could challenge protestants. |
|
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Term
| what did pope paul do to help beat the protestants? |
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Definition
| Pope paul strengthened the inquisition. which is a church court set up during middle ages. prevented a lot, like luther and calvins book. |
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Term
| in 1540 what new religious order did the pope recognize? what was it about? |
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Definition
| The society of Jesus, or Jesuits. founded by Ignatius of Loyola, the Jesuit order was determined to combat heresy and spread the catholic faith |
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Term
|
Definition
| spanish knight raised in the crusading tradition. leg was shattered in battle, found comfort reading about saints who had overcome torture. he came up with strict progam for Jesuits to be "soldier of god". |
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Term
| as the jesuits moved on what happened to their status positions? |
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Definition
| they became advisors to catholic rulers. set up schools, taught humanist and catholic beliefs, enforced discipline and obedience. some went into protestant lands in disguise to get more catholics. and kept spreading their religion. |
|
|
Term
| what did Teresa of Avila symbolize? Describe her and her way to rule the nuns.. what happened when she died? |
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Definition
| thr renewal of intese faith. she was born to spanish family, and entered a convent. she did not find the discipline strict enough, she set up her own order. living in isolation, eating and sleeping little, and dedicating to life to prayer and medicine. her convent liked her, and asked her to reform other convents and monasteries. she was honored for her work, and they canonized her. |
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Term
| Did the catholic reformation succeed? |
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Definition
| by 1600, rome was a far more devout city than 100 yrs earlier. Across catholic europe piety and charity flourished, reforms did slow protestants and even returned some areas to catholic church. europe still did remain catholic in south and protestant in north. |
|
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Term
| what happened with witches?when did the witch hunting stop? |
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Definition
| there was witch hunting, those accused were usually women.they saw close link between magic and spirits.and during trouble people look for scapegoats. when the religious wars ended... the witch hunting stopped |
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Term
| For jews what did the early reformation do? waht was the turning point in 1516? |
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Definition
| early, brought prospeity, italy allowed jews to stay unlike spain, there was a strong pressure for them to convert. by 1516 Venice ordered them to live in separate quarter of city which was a ghetto. |
|
|
Term
| what happened after the jews were put in ghettos? |
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Definition
| Luther hoped jews would convert, called for them to be expelled from christian land, and synagogues/books burned. some German kept jews in ghettos, some expelled. |
|
|
Term
| what did pope Paul IV do in 1550s to jews? |
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Definition
| added restrictions, Charles V banned them frm spanish colonies in america. after 1550, many jews migrated to poland-lithuaniea and parts of ottoman empire. where they prospered. some were allowed in the netherlands with dutch. |
|
|
Term
| what happened in 1543 with the polish scholar? Who was he? |
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Definition
| Copernicus published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly spheres.in it was a heliocentric model of the universe. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what was the reaction to Copernicus's theory? why? |
|
Definition
| most experts rejected it, in europe all scientific knowledge and many religious teachings were based on the arguments developed by classical theinkers, if Ptolemy's reasoning about the planets was wrong, then the whole system of human knowledge might be in question. |
|
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Term
| who had support for Copernicus? What happened whent his man died? What did he prove? |
|
Definition
| Brahe provided evidence, he set up astronomical observatory. looked at sky every night. When died, assistant Kepler, from germany, used his data to calculate orbits of planers around sun.planets in perfect circle following Ptolemy and Copernicus, called it ellipse. |
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Term
| Who in italy assembled an astronomical telescope. What did he realize? |
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Definition
| Galileo.he realized the way copernicus said that the earth moved around the sun. This contracted anicent beliefs, and people were mad. church condemned him. and then tried for inquisition. |
|
|
Term
| "nevertheless, it does move" who says this? |
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Definition
| galileo when he is getting tried. |
|
|
Term
| what was the new approach to science? |
|
Definition
| didnt rely on bible, it required scientists to collect and accurately measure data, they would propose a hypothesis, then tested it. |
|
|
Term
| define :scientific method, and hypothesis |
|
Definition
| a scientific method is the step by step process of discovery became known as this. a hypothesis is a possible explanation. |
|
|
Term
| who were Bacon and Descartes? what did they do? what did they argue? |
|
Definition
| they were english and french, and devoted themselves to the problem of knowledge. they rejected Aristotle's theory, and they challenged the scholarly traditions of medieval thing. Argued truth is not known at the beginning but at the end after long process of investigation. |
|
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Term
| How did Bacon and Descartes differ? What was Descartes' book? |
|
Definition
| Bacon stressed experimentation and observation. Descartes stressed human reasoning as best road to understanding. he wrote Discourse on Method, which explains how he decided to discard all traditional authorities and search for proavable knowledge. |
|
|
Term
| who was Isaac Newton? what was his plan? what was his book? |
|
Definition
| he was from England, by age 24, he formed brilliant theory to explain why planets moved as they did.thought the force pulling apple to ground was the same with the planets, called this force gravity.wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural philosophy, explaning gravity. |
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Term
| Was Isaac Newton questioned? What type of math did he create? |
|
Definition
| not until over 200 years, yet we still use his stuff today. he created calculus. |
|
|
Term
| chemistry (1600s) who was associated with it? |
|
Definition
| Robert Boyle distinguished between individual elements and chemical compounds. explained effect of temp and pressure on gasses. |
|
|
Term
| medicine worked off of who? what happened in 1543 with Vesalius? |
|
Definition
| worked off of ancient work of Galen. in 1543 Andreas Vesalius published On the Structure of the Human body, first accurate and detailed study of anatomy. French physician Paré, developed a new and more effective ointment for preventing infection, and oped a technique for closing wounds with stitches. |
|
|
Term
| what did William Harvey do in the early 1600s? What did Leeunwenhoek do? |
|
Definition
| english scholar, described circulation of blood for first time. Later, Anthony van Leeunwenhoek perfected the microscope and firs to see cells and microorganisms. |
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