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Definition
| He "saved the Directory with a whiff of a grape" and later crowned himself emperor of France. |
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Definition
| Daughter of the Empress of Austria, she married Louis XVI and was the perfect wife for the weak king. |
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Definition
| He successfully united the theories of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo into a powerful theory that led people to think that the whole world is a machine and God is a watchmaker |
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Definition
| This "enlightened despot" enacted many reforms in Austria, but lacked the money to enforce them |
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Definition
| This French painter made the transition from Rococo to Neoclassicism, and was also known for his historic themes. |
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Definition
| He transitioned to Classicism in music, and used a strict, but variable structure in symphonies and quartets. |
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Definition
| Prime Minister who decided that naval power was the key to defeat the French from North America. |
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Definition
| Austrian monarch whose succession to the throne sparked the War of Austrian Succession. |
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Definition
| The greatest of the Enlightenment "philosophes", he is best known for his satires and critiques of social ills and religion. |
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Definition
| His works "Social Contract" and "The Origins of Inequality" had an enormous influence on the American and French Revolution. |
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Definition
| Leader during the French Revolution, Carried out some of the worst excesses of the Terror under the Committee of Public Safety. |
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Definition
| He joined the Spanish guerrillas on the Peninsula, and later won at Waterloo with the help of the Prussians. |
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Definition
| He "reigned long but ruled little," allowing Cardinal Fleury to run his government while he cavorted with Pompadour. |
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Definition
| His experiments in England led to many important developments during the Agricultural Revolution. |
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Definition
| Author of the influential "Wealth of Nations" and advocate of laissez-faire capitalism. |
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Definition
| One of history's greatest generals, he held off the three mightiest powers in Europe during the Seven Years War. |
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Definition
| Under Fredrick William I and his successors, this country became a model of military efficiency and centralization |
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Definition
| A declining maritime power, its worldwide empire was unable to compete with more commercially aggressive and technology advanced countries to the north. |
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Definition
| Napoleon took his army here, where he won on land but was defeated by Nelson on the sea. Leaving his army here, he snuck back to France to pull a coup d'etat. |
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Definition
| Another declining maritime power, with a small territory and population, it turned to finance and international loans to retain prosperity. |
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Definition
| The greatest of the mercantilist empires, the Industrial Revolution also started here. |
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Definition
| This nation was the site of British-French conflicts, with the British under Sir Robert Clive prevailing over the French. |
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Definition
| This conservative, Catholic part of France objected to the anticlerical measures and rebelled against the king and the church. |
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Definition
| This medieval fortress in Paris symbolized oppression, and was stormed by a mob on July 14, 1789. |
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Definition
| By the 18th Century, this German state had become a hollow shell, real power lay with the 300 independent states within it. |
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Definition
| Locked out of their normal meeting place, the Third Estate met here on June 20, 1789, and pledged to meet until they wrote a new constitution. |
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Definition
| This collection of Habsburg lands was organized into a centralized state that also included Hungary and parts of the Balkans. |
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Definition
| This island was Napoleon's first place of exile, from which he quickly escaped. |
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Definition
| The "Sick Man of Europe" it was a declining empire plagued by a bad system of succession in which the heir was isolated. |
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Definition
| The "liberum veto" paralyzed this nations political system to the that it was partition by its neighbors three times. |
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Definition
| A slave revolt in this nation led to failed attempts by Napoleon to regain control. |
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Definition
| During the early stages of the Revolution, a mob of women marched here to capture the royal family and take them back to Paris as prisoners. |
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Definition
| This was the product of months of work by the National Constituent Assembly, it created a limited monarchy |
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Term
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Definition
| This period of the French Revolution was known for the mob rule and chaos. |
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Term
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Definition
| The "religion" of the Enlightenment, which ruled that God did not intervene in human affairs. |
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Term
| Civil Constitution of the Clergy |
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Definition
| The first serious split in the French Revolution occurred when the revolutionaries tried to make the church a branch of the civil government. |
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Definition
| Took place in England, in which Parliament invited William & Mary to rule England. |
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| Battle in which Napoleon was defeated by Horatio Nelson |
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Definition
| Britain was a notable practitioner of this political philosophy--if one nation grew too strong, Britain allied with other nations. |
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Definition
| Medieval Assembly of France, and the closest thing to a representative government that the country had in 1789. |
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Definition
| This process revolutionized agriculture in Britain, and restricted the use of common lands. |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of "commoners" this group played a crucial role in the French Revolution and were represented by Abby Sieyes. |
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Term
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Definition
| This economic theory argued that the prosperity of a nation depended on its supplies of gold and silver, and that gov'ts should use taxes and monopolies to protect their industries. |
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Term
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Definition
| Known as "the last of the religious wars" this war engulfed much of Europe |
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Term
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Definition
| Protective taxes used to protect a nation's industries from competition from foreign markets or corporations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Legislation passed in the 1830s and the 1840s, which aimed to improve the working conditions of industrial workers. |
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Definition
| This political philosophy was Machiavellian and amoral, and its practitioners did not respect treaties or alliances. |
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Term
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Definition
| This artistic style followed Rococo, and sought to imitate the styles of ancient Greece and Rome. |
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Term
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Definition
| This development made the transportation of raw materials much more efficient during the Industrial Revolution in Britain |
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Term
| Renunciation of Feudal Rights |
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Definition
| In August, 1789, nobles responded to violence in rural areas generated by the great fear with this, it went together with economic liberty. |
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Definition
| British Prime Minister who crowned Victoria Empress of India. |
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Definition
| British politician, industrialist, and entrepreneur who dreamt of a Cape-to-Cairo railway and DeBeers diamond company |
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Definition
| Southern Italian leader of the campaign to unify Italy |
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| Polish physicist who discovered radiation and later died of leukemia |
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Definition
| Austrian diplomat who led the Congress of Vienna |
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Definition
| He applied the scientific method to the study of society in "The System of Positive Philosophy" |
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Definition
| A child prodigy, this Hungarian composer wrote in the New German school. |
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Definition
| Political conservative who wrote "Reflections on the Revolution in France" |
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Definition
| Leader of Belgium, under whom the colonization of the Congo took place. |
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Definition
| One of the best known Post-Impressionists, painted "Starry Night" among many others |
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Definition
| Japanese emperor who led the drive for western-style modernization and industrialization. |
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Definition
| Nationalistic German composer who wrote "Also Sprach Zarathustra" |
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| Nephew of the former Emperor of France, he established an authoritarian monarchy and established the Second Empire. |
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Definition
| Political Liberal who wrote "On Liberty" and "On the Subjection of Women" |
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Definition
| French writer who exemplified Naturalism, he argued that a writer must analyze and dissect life as a biologist would a living organism. |
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Definition
| This giant of late 19th century German politics had an enormous influence on European and world affairs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hugely influential political ideology of the 19th century,the nation is the focus of political loyalty. |
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Term
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Definition
| This group met in 1848 in hopes of writing a constitution that would unify the Germany states. |
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Definition
| Political Ideology which argues that all people should be as free as possible. |
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Definition
| Intellectual movement that challenged the Enlightenment's obsession with reason in discovering the truth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of Marxist theory, has 3 parts: thesis, antithesis, synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bismark's "struggle for civilization" attacked the Catholic church. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fear of revolution led European powers to establish this accord, which grew out of the Quadruple Alliance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Political philosophy that dates from 1790, a reaction to radicalism and democratic revolutions. |
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Definition
| German philosopher associated with existentialism who famously declared, "God is Dead" |
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Definition
| Revolutionary socialists argued that this strategy, in which workers from industries stopped working, was a way to destroy capitalist society. |
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Term
| Principles of Intervention |
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Definition
| Protocol established by Metternich, it argued that nations have a right to interfere in the revolutions of other nations. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pre-1914 revolution in arts and literature that rebelled against the traditional styles of European cultural life. |
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Term
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Definition
| Urban Planning approach that balanced industrial, residential, and agricultural development. |
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Term
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Definition
| French art movement that began in 1870s, notable artists are Camille Pissaro, Claude Monet, and Berthe Morisot. |
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Definition
| A series of alliances between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia, sought to correct the imbalance of power after German unification. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bismarck's cynical technique of basing politics on practical concerns rather than ethics. |
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Term
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Definition
| European financial dominance of the economic activity of a large part of the world. |
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Term
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Definition
| Name of the meeting at which the Quadruple Alliance met to arrange a peace settlement after the defeat of Napoleon. |
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Term
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Definition
| Year in which the Bourbon monarch Louis XVIII was restored to the throne of France. |
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Definition
| Year in which the first Russian revolution occurred. |
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Term
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Definition
| This meeting marked the emergence of political socialism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Britain & France allied in this war to prevent Russia from gaining a warm water port. |
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Term
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Definition
| War fought from 1871-1873, in which a newly unified Germany challenged France. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of independent enterprises working together to control prices and competition. |
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Definition
| New social order that emerged in Europe during the 2nd Industrial Revolution, it featured improved urban conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the French capital rebelled against the government, the provisional "gov't" they established was known as this. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which a country of society transforms itself from primarily agricultural to one based on manufacturing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conflict between Britain & France which took place in the Sudan, war was narrowly averted and an important alliance formed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wars which forced China to accept British trade demands, created an international drug market. |
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Definition
| Revolution in Japan, challenged the power of the shotgun and established a stronger monarchy. |
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Definition
| Name for the imperial race which saw Europeans carving up a huge continent. |
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Definition
| This German customs union was established in 1834 and stimulated trade for the area. |
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Definition
| Term that describes both the mind-set and events of 1880-1914, in which European control extended new territories across the globe. |
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Definition
| This pseudo-scientific theory used evolutionary principles to justify racism and imperialism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Action on this front was distinguished by trench warfare, massive casualties and stalemate, in which little actual territory was won or lost. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as Article 231, it placed sole responsibility for the war on Germany and Austria. |
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Term
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Definition
| A German offensive battle on the western front, it lasted ten months and resulted in over 700,000 casualties. |
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Definition
| A bandleader who was also the first African-American to serve in combat in WWI |
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Term
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Definition
| This naval battle was the only time the British and German navies directly engaged each other, in ended with an inconclusive German victory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Post war monetary payments by Germany to the Allied governments were known as this. |
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Definition
| Fought on the banks of a river in France, this battle lasted from July to November 1916, it is estimated to have resulted in over a million battle casualties and deaths. |
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Definition
| This communication between Germany and Mexico was one of the main factors that drew American into WWI. |
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Term
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Definition
| These states along the Mediterranean and Adriatic seas were sites of conflict between Austria-Hungary and Russia, and were a major flashpoint in starting the war. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sinking of this British ship by German submarines killed more than 100 Americans, and was another major factor for the U.S. entry in the WWI. |
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Definition
| An outline presented to the U.S. Congress by President Woodrow Wilson, notable features include demands for self-determination, the end of secret diplomacy, and the reduction of military armaments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as the draft, this military practice was standard in pre-1914 Europe. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of two alliances to dominate Europe in 1914, this one was between britain, France and Russia. |
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Term
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Definition
| The French military scheme for WWI, it was devised by Ferdinand Foch and called for an immediate offensive campaign in the event of German aggression. |
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Term
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Definition
| This treaty removed Russia from the war. |
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Definition
| Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, his assassination provided the excuse for the major powers to go to war |
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Definition
| Term that describes a war that affects the lives of all citizens in the nations involved. |
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Term
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Definition
| The final peace settlement that ended the war, it consisted of 5 separate agreements with the defeated nations and was signed on June 28, 1919. |
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Term
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Definition
| The other European alliance, this on e was between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. |
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Term
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Definition
| This front was much more mobile and also had a high cost in lives and included the battle of Tannenberg. |
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Definition
| This uprising overthrew the Russian government and established a communist state. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the peace settlements, the territorial gains by Britain and France in Syria, Iraq, and Palestine were known as this. |
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Term
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Definition
| Germany's highly detailed military plan, it assumed a two front war and proposed a vast flanking maneuver to sweep through Belgium and attack France. |
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Definition
| The British landed here in April, 1915 to force there way to Constantinople, the ensuing battle resulted in massive casualties and gained no ground. |
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Term
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Definition
| This refers to the process by which a nation transitions to a wartime mode. |
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Definition
| Artistic movement that sought to capture the artist's feelings and emotions towards their subjects. Noted artists include Paul Cezanne |
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Definition
| A new right-winged authoritarian movement that arose after WWI, it is extremely nationalistic and calls for a centralized government with a dictatorial leader. |
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Definition
| Agreement that guaranteed Germany's western borders with France and Belgium. |
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Definition
| Name for the inter-war alliance between Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania. |
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Definition
| Leader of the Soviet Union after Lenin he oversaw massive industrialization, and killed millions of Soviet citizens in forced labor camps, gulags, and political purges. |
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Term
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Definition
| His psychiatric theories challenged Sigmund Freud's, and argued that there was both a "personal unconscious" mind and a "collective unconscious" mind. |
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Term
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Definition
| Economic phenomenon that occurs when the price of goods rise, but money is less valuable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nazi concept of "living space" it used Social Darwinism to justify invading other countries. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the leaders of India's nationalist independence movement, he advocated passive resistance. |
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Term
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Definition
| This international governing body was formed after WWI in hopes of preventing future wars. |
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Term
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Definition
| Weak, post-war German government that faced problems of leadership and economics was challenged and replaced by Hitler's Nazi Party. |
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Term
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Definition
| Modified version of the capitalist system introduced in the Soviet Union by Lenin in 1921, sought to revive the economy after the ravages of war and communism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Name of Mussolini's 1929 agreement with the Catholic Church that established Vatican City as a sovereign state. |
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Term
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Definition
| Form of dictatorship in which the government controls all the aspects of social, cultural, political, economical and intellectual life; and which forces the individual to submit to the state. |
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Term
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Definition
| The "Night of Shattered Glass" in Nov. 1938, it was Nazi-led rampage against Jews, over 100 Jews were killed and 30,000 were sent to concentration camps. |
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Term
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Definition
| France invaded this area, the industrial heartland of Germany, in response to Germany's failure to make reparation payments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fascist leader of Italy, he used violence and parliamentary scheming to take power. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which the state takes ownership of factories, industries, and other means of production. |
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Term
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Definition
| Worldwide financial collapse that began with the October 1929 American stock crash. |
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Term
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Definition
| This artistic movement rejected traditional forms, and used geometric forms and angles to recreate reality in the artist's mind. Pablo Picasso is associated with this style. |
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Term
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Definition
| British economist, he argued for increases government spending as a way to fix the post WWI financial crisis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The restructured payment plan for German war reparations was known as this |
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Term
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Definition
| 1923 attempt by Nazis and other right-wing leaders to topple the Weimar Republic, it was quickly crushed. Hitler was tried for treason, and sentenced to 5 years in prison. |
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Term
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Definition
| Harsh musical style that developed after WWI, it abandoned traditional forms and used 12-tone composition, associated with Stravinsky and Schonberg. |
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Term
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Definition
| Right-Winged Spanish dictator, he established a conservative, authoritarian regime after his victory in the Spanish Civil War. |
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Definition
| Diplomatic strategy famously used by Neville Chamberlain against Hitler, it sought to grant the "reasonable" demands of dissatisfied European powers, in hopes of avoiding war. |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of defensive fortresses, machine gun posts and artillery casements, it was constructed by france during the interwar years in hopes of stopping future German invasions. |
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Term
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Definition
| German term for the annexation of Austria in 1938. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hitler's new type of warfare, also known as "lightning war" was designed to avoid trench warfare and stalemates, and depended on mechanized columns and massive air power. |
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Term
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Definition
| In May-June of 1940, hundreds of thoughts of trapped British and French troops were evacuated from this French harbor town, in a hastily assembled fleet of naval and civilian ships. |
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Term
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Definition
| This German air campaign occurred from July-Oct. of 1940, sought to either force Britain to surrender, or weaken Britain in advance of a German invasion. |
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Term
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Definition
| This 3mo. long battle was a major turning point for the war in the east, when the Germans failed to capture a major industrial city in Russia, and sustained massive losses. |
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Term
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Definition
| June 4, 1942 naval/air battle in the Pacific Ocean that established American naval superiority. |
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Term
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Definition
| This amphibious invasion of northern France by the Allies was a major turning point on the western front, allowed U.S, British, and Free French forces to break through German lines. |
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Term
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Definition
| Japanese aircraft attacked this U.S. naval base on Dec. 7, 1941, the next day, the U.S. declared war on Japan, which caused Hitler to declare war on the U.S. |
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Term
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Definition
| During WWII, Italy, Germany and Japan were also known collectively as this. |
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Term
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Definition
| Germany military leader known as the "Desert Fox" he was defeated at El Alamein in 1942 by the British and forced to retreat across the desert. |
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Term
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Definition
| The three major allies; U.S., Britain and the Soviet Union were known as this. |
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Term
| General Dwight D. Eisenhower |
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Definition
| Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe, he coordinated the Normandy landings and was later elected President of the U.S. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hitler demanded the cession of this area of Czech. that was home to 3 million ethic Germans, as well as frontier defenses and industry. His demands were granted at Munich Conference. |
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Term
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Definition
| The term which describes the genocides of the Nazi regime, in which over 6 million Jews and at least 9-10 million other people were systematically murdered. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most notorious Nazi death camp, located in Poland, an estimated 1.1 million people died there. |
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Term
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Definition
| This was the largest amphibious assault in the Pacific war, it led to huge American casualties, and made the U.S. realize that and invasion of Japan could cost millions of lives. |
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Term
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Definition
| Name of the meeting between "Big Three" (Stalin, Roosevelt & Churchill) in the capital of Iran in 1943 to decide the course of war. |
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Term
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Definition
| Feb. 1945 meeting of the Big Three in which Stalin sought to secure post-war control of much of eastern and central Europe, terms for German surrender were discussed, and occupation zones established. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term that describes the post-war conflict between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, it was political, ideological and military power struggle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hitler's invasion of this nation on Sept. 1st, 1939 caused Britain and France to declare war on Germany. |
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Term
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Definition
| To avoid an invasion of Japan and to hasten the end of the war in the pacific, president Truman authorized the use of the atomic bomb on this Japanese city on August 6, 1945. |
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Term
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Definition
| Name of the 1939 agreement signed by Molotov and Ribbentrop, it allowed their 2 nations to divide up Poland between them, also known as the Treaty of Non-Aggression. |
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Definition
| German name for the Nazi death squads organized to round up Jews and force them into ghettos or concentration camps as part of Hitler's "Final Solution" |
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Term
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Definition
| U.S. foreign policy strategy formulated in 1947, provided money to countries that were threatened by Communist expansion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Program funded by the U.S. in hopes of rebuilding war-torn Europe and stalling Communist expansion by preventing economic turmoil. |
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Term
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Definition
| U.S. foreign policy that sought to limit the expansion of Communism and the Soviet Union by "an adroit and vigilant application of counter-force." |
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Definition
| Name of the Soviet satellite that sparked the Space Race between the U.S. and the USSR |
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Term
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Definition
| Cold War belief that nuclear arsenals would prevent war by assuring the destruction of both nations in the event of a preemptive attack. |
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Definition
| Term that describes action taken by the U.S. to break a Soviet blockade of a major German city. |
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Term
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
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Definition
| Military alliance formed in 1949 between the U.S. and several European countries, it promised mutual defense if any of the member nations was attacked. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formal military alliance between the USSR and several Eastern European satellite states, it also assured mutual assistance. |
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Term
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Definition
| This nation, divided at the 38th parallel, was one of the first areas of conflict between the two superpowers during the Cold War. |
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Term
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Definition
| Leader of the Indochinese Communist Party, his anti colonial struggle against the French soon became part of the broader Cold War conflict. |
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Term
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Definition
| Name for the standoff between the US and the USSR in Oct. 1962, it brought the world to the brink of nuclear war. |
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Definition
| Leader of the Communist Revolution in Cuba, he established a Soviet-backed government and was a notable figure during the Cold War. |
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Term
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Definition
| Leader of the USSR during the 'hottest' phase of the Cold War, he famously threatened to 'bury the West' and was responsible for placing missiles in Cuba. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of becoming free of colonial rule and achieving statehood, it occurred throughout much of the world between 1947-1962. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arab nationalist leader in Egypt who led a coup and seized the Suez Canal from the British and French control, sparking a major Cold War crisis. |
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Definition
| Term which describes post-war government reforms in Britain and established government services such as socialized medicine, social security, and government housing projects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as "action painting" this modern art style was energetic and spontaneous. One notable artist is Jackson Pollack, also known as "Jack the Dripper" |
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Term
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Definition
| Philosophy born of the desperation caused by two world wars and the breakdown of traditional values, associated with Sartre and Camus. |
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| Legendary French leader who believed he had a historic mission to reestablish France's greatness, he led resistance groups during WWII, and won the presidency in 1958. |
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| French colonial rule in this nation was first challenged in 1954, the long and bitter war between locals and French settlers did not end until independence was granted in 1958. |
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| The 'founding hero' of the Federal Republic of Germany, he sought reconciliation with France and cooperation with the major Western Powers. |
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| This meeting in 1954 created the temporary peace settlement between France and the Vietminh and 'temporarily' divided Viet Nam. |
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| US diplomat who advocated containment, author of the famous 'Long Telegram' |
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| A symbol of divided Europe, it was built in 1961 to stop the flood of refugees. |
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| Famous Point of entry between East and West Berlin, it was the site of many tense standoffs between Soviet and US forces. |
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