1.  A hands-off economic system, developed by Adam Smith, also known as capitalism where government has limited control.  They only provide protection and infrastructure.

Congress of Vienna

  Congress that met in 1815 made of conservative powers such as Metternich, Castlereagh, & Talleyrand that restored Bourbon monarchy to France, established a balance of power by ringing France with strong states, and maintained relative peace in Europe for 99 years. But, they also repudiated liberal ideas and combined people of differing nationalities under bigger countries.

1.  A pivotal figure at the Congress of Vienna, from Austria, he believed that international stability would only come from the restoration of the monarchs and aristocracy.

1.  The British foreign secretary who represented Britain at the Congress of Vienna and was realistic and empirically minded and did not seek to punish France severely.

Spain, Russia, Prussia, & Austria monarchs in attempt to prevent a repeat of the French Revolution sought to restore the divine power lost by kings and agreed to: 1) Rule country as good Christian kings & 2) Come to each others’ aid if power is threatened.  It lost the support of Britain and France.

Russian czar who attended the Congress of Vienna and wanted to create a European community based on Christian teachings.  He thought it was his duty to restore the divine power lost by kings.

1.  The father of positivism, developed this theory to explain approaches to knowledge: 1) Theological-->logic from religion & priests 2) Metaphysical-->philosophical (Enlightenment thinkers) 3) Scientific-->apply strict scientific method to behaviors

1.  Wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France which was instrumental in shaping conservative though.  Considered founder of conservatism and warned countrymen of dangers of revolutionaries.

1.  British philosopher who held the liberal belief that the individual is sovereign over his own body and mind and the only power that can be exercised over the individual by the community against his will, is to prevent harm to others.

1.  English poet during the Romantic period that used poetry to express powerful feelings and as a vehicle for the imagination, and sought poetry and nature as a source of truth.

1.  Poet from the Romantic period who was born George Noel Gordon and inherited his uncle’s estate and title at age 10.  He fell in love with his cousin and she turned him down....thus... poetry....and he became a womanizer.

The idea that the state will own major industries of the state--usually includes natural resources, major utilities, and transportation systems

a utopian socialist that believed that socialism was an outgrowth of Christianity (that Bible had more evidence for sharing, etc.)

:  a utopian socialist that advocated “phalanges,” little communities where people share goods

:  little communities where people share goods

1.  son of a doctor and heiress of Wedgewood, he was wealthy and educated  (Cambridge), he went on an expedition to South America to the Galapagos Islands where studied multiple species and came up with his theory of natural selection and the “survival of the fittest.”

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Book written by Charles Darwin that describes his theory of natural selection and “survival of the fittest

1.  :  the idea of the “survival of the fittest” where the organisms with the best genes survive and pass their “good” genes to their offspring, and those with the worst genes do not survive to pass their genes on, so the “fittest” survive.

1.  A theory to explain the approaches to knowledge with 3 types and periods.  1) Theological--> logic from religion & priests  2) Metaphysical--> philosophical (Enlightenment thinkers) 3) Scientific--> apply strict scientific method to behaviors and apply laws and theories to explain it.

1.  Opposing the romantic outlook, realists focused on the actual world:  social conditions, contemporary manners, and the familiar details of everyday life.

Co-developer of the Communist Manifesto:  Theory that all human history is a struggle for material resources consisting of the oppressor and the oppressed.

Co-developer of the Communist Manifesto: owned a factory where he was a supervisor in Germany

: the “Iron Chancellor” of Germany who was responsible only to the emperor and had considerable control over the lawmaking and foreign affairs and commanded the army and navy.  His political practices weakened liberal and democratic elements. He persecuted Catholics and socialists.

1.  King of Belgium who in 1876 formed the International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of Africa and encouraged the exploration of the Congo

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The conference decided that a nation had to have presence in an African territory to claim it as its own.  It also made Leopold ruler of his territory which he turned into a rubber plantation for his own wealth.

1.  A supporter of British expansion, he moved to Africa for his health and established himself in the diamond industry, eventually owning 90 percent of the world’s diamond production.  He became head of the British South African Company and named it Rhodesia.

The British wanted to trade with China especially for their tea, but the only thing China wanted was their precious metals, which Britain did not want to give over.  However, some of the Chinese wanted Britain’s opium (yes, like drugs), but the Chinese emperor refused the drug offer.  So from 1839-1842 and 1856-1860 the British forced open Chinese ports and controlled coastal cities.

Canal in Egypt from the Red Sea to Mediterranean Sea that Ismail built.  However, it forced Egypt into a lot of debt and they had to borrow from French & English.  Eventually, Britain had to intervene.

1.  Ottoman general who eliminated all the Mamlucks at a dinner party and became ruler of Egypt.  He started many efforts to modernize Egypt.

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1.  When Egypt was going into debt over the Suez Canal, the citizens began to revolt.  Their goals were to 1) Reorder country’s finances.  2) Put constitutional limits on the Khedive.

Son of Muhammad Ali, who saw himself as European and started the building of the Suez Canal.

An Austrian-Jewish physician who developed the theory that human behavior is governed primarily by powerful inner forces, which are hidden from conscious.

The part of our unconscious that stands for reason and that seeks to hold the id in check, to bring it in line with reality.

subconscious seat of instincts which constantly demands gratification and is primitive and irrational.  It known no values and has no awareness of good and evil.

German philosopher who attacked democracy, universal suffrage, equality, and socialism for suppressing a higher type of human existence.  He developed the theory of the “overman.”