large population

Constantinople = strong capitol

strong military (no barbarians, patriotic)

much political stability

no god but the God and Muhammad is the prophet

world is full of angel, jinn (spirits), and satan

books - OT, NT, and Quran

messengers (Muhammad)

Judgement Day is coming

1. witness - only God and muhammad is prophet

2. worship - 5 times a day

3. alms - give to poor

4. fasting - no food or sex during ramadan

5. pilgrimage - trip to Mecca and become Hajji

muslims make pilgrimage there

Kabah - giant shrine

emperor, art and architecture

iconography - venerate images

iconoclasm - popes want or dislike icons

law - justinian code (corpus juris civilis) combines christian, greek, and roman law

mystical, iconoclasm, church=state, missions to convert slavic people

West - no pope, Latin worship, monarchical church

East - pope, Greek worship, oligarchical church

kept islam from spreading

preserved classical culture

preserved classical and new art and architecture

After fall of Rome, Franks tribe rose up and gained control

Merovingians were the "do nothing kings" and carolingians were the mayors who ran things

Carolingians took over (Pepin the Short)

Battle of Tours (732) stopped Islam

always looking to expand kingdom

great politician - centralizes Europe

religious - gave church money, focused on religious and academic education

coronated on xmas, 800 by pope = emperor

Carolingian Renaissance

(Charlemagne's doing)

opened the school New Athens

Scriptoria - copied manuscripts and wrote in lowercase (miniscule) with spaces 

liberal arts focus - trivium (grammar, rhetoric, and dialog) and quadrivium (arithmatic, geometry, astronomy, music)

Treaty of Verdun (843) - empire is divided between Louis the Pious' (Charlemagne's son) 3 sons

invasions break Europe up (vikings, muslims, magyars)

centralized -> decentralized -> fragmented

Feudalism - public power in private hands

people need protection = knights, oaths, and tiny kingdoms

dependency - noble (lords give oath to king) and servile vassals (poor people work the land) 

3 people groups: those who work, those who fight, and those who pray

manor - self sustaining village

serfs - belong to manor/can't leave land, work the land for family and the lord, tithe to church

dependency between church and politics

lords get church positions :(

Peace of God - limited targets of warfare (clergy, women, kids)

Truce of God - limited periods of warfare

Monastic orders (monk reforms)

Gregory VII - two vicars of god = pope (spiritual) and king (temporal)

Lay Investiture Crisis - says king can't give out church positions

seven sacraments:

baptism, marriage, confirmation, extreme unction (confessions before death), ordination, eucharist (communion), penance (pay for sins)

transubstantiation - during communion bread becomes christ

good works were required

Benedict of Nursia - order to monks

Monastery Cluny (910) - implement spiritual reform

Cistercian Monasticism - Bernard of Clairvaux a preacher, rallied people for 2nd crusade

Mendicant Orders - Dominicans (changed to convert people, education) and Franciscans (changed because it was good)

pilgrimage (Jerusalem)

Heretical Movements: Peter Waldo (waldensians) against the man, and Albigensians believed in dualism (good and bad god)

Inquisition - find the heretics!

Pope Urban II called for crusades because:

political - to keep peace in Europe, fight Muslims

social - pilgrimage, take Jerusalem

1st crusade was the most successful

brought contact with east, estrangement between christians and muslims, spain and italy revival

Individualism - emphasis on self and soul (Petrarch)

Realism in art

Patriotism and public service

Antiquity - classical world was better (greco-roman)

On the Dignity of Man by Mirandola - man is unique, better than animals but less than god

revival of choice and free will

Venice, Florence, Milan

antiquity in Rome = inspiration

wealth for tourism (pilgrimage)

Alexander X - loaned church's money to stupid son

Julius III - loved war too much

both were immoral and corrupt

Petrarch - father of Renaissance, loved ancient writings

Lorenzo Valla - philologist, Greek Latin and Hebrew

Machiavelli - wrote the Prince - political theory

Giotto - father of renaissance art (emotions!)

Da Vinci

Michelangelo

Raphael

prince of humanists

wrote Praise of Folly - mocks corruption

published Greek NT

wants christian reform - education of laity

piety - everyone should be good christians, not just monks

thomas more - humanist, wrote Utopia

cisneros - published polygot bible (hebrew, latin and greek)

Miguel Cervantes - wrote Don Quixote (end of medieval knights)