Term
What blood parasite are flagellated protozoan appearing in the blood
Appearance is a ribbon like structure with tapered ends
Infects cattle, pig, horses, dogs, human
Wild animals (raccoons, skunks) serve as reservoirs
Symptoms are intermittent fever, enlarged lymph nodes, stunted growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is an infectious dz spread by several species of ticks
Caused by an intracellular parasite ( Rickettsia)
Anemia results from destruction of parasitized RBC’s in the spleen
Parasite appears as a circular blue/black uniform sized. Smaller than H-J bodies |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What can parvovirus cause in cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lack of what vitamin can cause deafness, tissue malfunction, and large coarse skin lesions in dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In goats, night blindness, poor appetite, weight loss, unthrifty appearance with a poor hair coat, and a thick nasal discharge have resulted from a lack of what vitamin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 vitamin deficiencies can cause a nutritional anemia and is more common in large animals? |
|
Definition
| Vit B12/Folic Acid, Copper deficiency, and Iron deficiency |
|
|
Term
What type of RBC's would you see with:
Acetaminophen (Tylenol®) poisoning
Onions: raw, cooked, and dehydrated
Zinc toxicity
Propylene glycol
Crude oil ingestion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of RBC's have a central pallor is slit or mouth-like instead of round and is associated with a rare inherited disorder but normal in dolphins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 types of RBC's are the hallmark for Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia? |
|
Definition
| Spherocytes and schistocytes |
|
|
Term
| What's the term for increased variation in shape of RBC’s? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a regenerative left shift? |
|
Definition
| Indicates bone marrow response; a good prognosis |
|
|
Term
| What is a degenerative left shift? |
|
Definition
Indicates an unresponsive or overworked bone marrow; a poor prognosis
Lab Findings
Low WBC count
# of bands (& other immature neuts) > # mature neuts |
|
|
Term
| What is a neutrophilic right shift? |
|
Definition
> 5% hypersegmented neutrophils ( > 5 lobes)
Seen in animals with Vitamin B12/ Folic acid deficiency
Seen with long-term steroid treatments |
|
|
Term
| What do B-cell lymphocytes do? |
|
Definition
Produce immunoglobulins: Synthesis of antibodies against a specific antigen (B Cell). Defense against infection.
Reactive lymphs or plasma cells are B cells actively producing antibodies |
|
|
Term
| What do T-cell lymphocytes do? |
|
Definition
| Attach to invading agents and destroy them |
|
|
Term
| What type of lymphocytes live few hours to 3-4 days? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of lymphocytes are a very long-lived cell. Usually around 4 yrs, but a small percentage up to 20 yrs? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the inherited condition in which urine is colored dark red, pigment staining in tissues, and arthritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dogs and cats are unable to break down Omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acids. T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the disease that causes the liver to mobilize fat quickly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's increased amounts of urea in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of ketones? |
|
Definition
| Acetoacidic acid, acetone, and betahydroxyuric acid |
|
|
Term
| What type of bilirubin does the dipstick look for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are casts from youngest to oldest? |
|
Definition
| Granular, mixed, fine, waxy, hyaline |
|
|
Term
| What are Dalmations famous for? |
|
Definition
| Ammonium biurate crystals |
|
|
Term
| What's the most common cause of cloudy urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of antibiotics causes crystals in urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What crystal is the most common in acidic urine? |
|
Definition
| Calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals |
|
|
Term
| What crystal is the most common in alkaline urine? |
|
Definition
| Triple phosphate/struvite crystals |
|
|
Term
| What does a large amount of foam in urine indicate? |
|
Definition
| Increased amounts of protein |
|
|
Term
| What do both types of calcium oxalate look like? |
|
Definition
| Monohydrate- Dumbell or pickett fence; dihydrate- envelope |
|
|
Term
| How many nephrons do an avg. cat have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many nephrons do an avg. dog have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What brings blood/waste products to the nephron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does ketosis occur with diabetes mellitus? |
|
Definition
| Lack of insulin prevents carbohydrate breakdown |
|
|
Term
| What type of cast can leptospirosis cause? |
|
Definition
| Epithelial cell cast (renal tubular epithelium sloughs) |
|
|
Term
| What animals have tons of crystals in their urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of urine are ammonium urates and bilirubin crystals in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of urine are tyrosine, cystine, and calcium oxalate crystals in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of crystals will you only see in antifreeze toxicity? |
|
Definition
| Calcium oxalate monohydrate |
|
|
Term
| What crystals are thornapple or round and can appear as clusters of dumbells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What only brown crystal is found as rhombic plates or needles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What crystals are hexagonal plates that are flat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What crystal are always flat squares with a notch out of the corner? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells are common when there's inflammation in the bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 types of parasites can be found in urine? |
|
Definition
| Microfilaria and capillaria |
|
|
Term
| What is a screening test/result for Cushing's disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition results from the buildup of toxins from vomiting and diarrhea (less fluids = lower glomerular filtration rate GFR) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What're cells in the arterioles that stretch or shrink depending on BP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does albumin in the urine indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is caused by decreased blood perfusion to the kidneys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of azotemia can they not concentrate urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of azotemia is there a backflow of urine to the kidneys and ammonia goes in to bloodstream due to an obstruction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does protein in the urine indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydrogen ion concentration |
|
|
Term
| What's in a blue top tube? |
|
Definition
| Sodium citrate (anticoagulant) |
|
|
Term
| What are produced during fat catabolism/metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause epithelial cell casts in urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of blood is filtered per minute? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of blood cells changed out daily? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What unit of measure is Mean Corpuscular Volume measured in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are punctate not counted to diagnose problems in cats? |
|
Definition
| They stay in circulation for 2-3 weeks |
|
|
Term
| How long are dog RBC's in circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long are RBCs in cat's circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is oxidized damaged hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind anemia causes decreased oxygen carrying capacity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the most common type of immature red blood cells seen in smears? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes basophilic stippling in RBCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can brown serum indicate? |
|
Definition
| Methmaglobin and tylenol toxicity |
|
|
Term
| What're the 3 hematology analyzers? |
|
Definition
| Impedence, Qualitative Buffy Coat (QBC), and Laser Hematology Analyzer |
|
|
Term
| How often should stains be changed out? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 components of a leukogram? |
|
Definition
| RBC Morphology, WBC differential, platelet estimate, and separating WBC's |
|
|
Term
| What does EDTA stand for? |
|
Definition
| Ethylene diamine triacetic acid |
|
|
Term
| What's in the buffy coat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's used to test for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are small round organisms at the edge of RBC's, which are typically seen secondary to chronic infections such as feline leukemia? |
|
Definition
| Hemobartonella/mycoplasma |
|
|
Term
| What tick-transmitted parasite is tear-shaped? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the order of RBC maturation? |
|
Definition
| Rubriblast, prorubricyte, rubricyte, metarubricyte, reticulocyte, and erythrocyte |
|
|
Term
| Where are RBCs formed in adult animals? |
|
Definition
| Red bone marrow and liver & spleen in times of stress |
|
|
Term
| T/F All components of hematopoeisis begin from the same stem cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What help differentiate stem cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does each hemoglobin molecule contain? |
|
Definition
| 4 molecules of heme, 1 atom of iron, and 1 molecule of globulin |
|
|
Term
| What WBC's primary function is defense against bacterial disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 pools where neutrophils are found? |
|
Definition
| Proliferation, maturation/storage, circulating, and marginal |
|
|
Term
| What 5 things are eos involved in? |
|
Definition
| Parasitic infections, fungal diseases, protozoal diseases, allergies, and immune complex disease |
|
|
Term
| What's the most common ruminant WBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lymphocytes are responsible for for antibodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lymphocytes are responsible for regulation of immune response aka cell-mediated immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What're 3 characteristics of reactive lymphs? |
|
Definition
| Larger, basophilic cytoplasm, and prominent nucleolus in nuclei |
|
|
Term
| What are spherocytes aka? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are crenated RBCs aka? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is often seen in lead toxicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the main cause of an increased MCV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes a decreased MCV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What shunts result in microcytosis? |
|
Definition
| Portosystemic venous shunts |
|
|
Term
| What breed is famous for having microcytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What breed do macrocytosis occur in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cats frequently have macrocytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Increased amounts of hemoglobin can be put into cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the unit of measure of MCH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's decreased RBC anemia that is common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is expanded plasma volume anemia, that is rare, and can occur in excessive fluid therapy and pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the MCHC lower with reticulocytosis? |
|
Definition
| Reticulocytes aren't the same red color as erythrocytes, and they can't carry as much hemaglobin |
|
|
Term
| What does polycythemia mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase in band neutrophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Autoimmune mediated hemolytic anemia & thrombocytopenia |
|
|
Term
| What's a normal cat WBC count? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a PCV reference range of a cat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 things can affect a ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase) test? |
|
Definition
| Hemolysis (increase), Lipemia (increase), and cephalosporins |
|
|
Term
| What 3 things can increased albumin indicate? |
|
Definition
| Immune-mediated diseases, infections, and neoplasia |
|
|
Term
| What do low levels of albumin indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does ALKP stand for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cushings, pregnancy, and young animals can have increased levels of what? |
|
Definition
| Alkaline Phosphatase (ALKP) |
|
|
Term
| What can increased levels of AMYL indicate? |
|
Definition
| Pancreatitis and Liver cancer |
|
|
Term
| What breaks down starches and glycogen in sugars? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is bilirubin produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conjugated what is secreted in bile? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of bilirubin is found in urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ do BUN affect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 things can a high BUN indicate? |
|
Definition
| Kidney disease/damage and congenitive heart failure |
|
|
Term
| What's a normal range for canine/feline BUN tests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 diseases are indicated by high CHOL test? |
|
Definition
| Hypothyroidism, pancreatitis, and kidney disease |
|
|
Term
| What is excreted in bile and is important for fat absorption from the intestines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What affects skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an abnormal CK (CPK)(Creatine phosphokinase) test indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ does creatinine originate from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a byproduct of energy stores in muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does GGT (Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase) originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of animals are GGT tests mainly used on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is lipase produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is glucose processed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What test can drop by 10% per hour if left on the erythrocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an energy source for all cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a normal range for canine/feline GLU tests? |
|
Definition
| 65-130 mg/dL & 58-125 mg/dL |
|
|
Term
| What 2 diseases are indicated from increased lipase? |
|
Definition
| Pancreatitis and liver cancer |
|
|
Term
| What breaks down long-chain fatty acids of lipids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ processes phosphorus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can abnormal PHOS levels indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a normal range for canine/feline TP tests? |
|
Definition
| 5.4-7.6 mg/dL & 2.5-7.3 mg/dL |
|
|
Term
| Where is uric acid processed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the end product of amino acid breakdown? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Observing cells in relation to neighboring cells |
|
|
Term
| How do you tell if a neoplasia is malignant? |
|
Definition
| 3 or more types of abnormal nuclear configurations |
|
|
Term
| What's another name for epithelial cell tumors? |
|
Definition
| Carcinoma or adenocarcinoma |
|
|
Term
| Gram stain procedure, read carefully! |
|
Definition
1. Cover with CRYSTAL VIOLET for 20 seconds.
2. Gently rinse off the stain with water and shake off the excess.
3. Cover with GRAM'S IODINE for one minute.
4. Pour off the Gram's iodine.
5. Run 95% ETHYL ALCOHOL down the slide until the solvent runs clear (about 10-20 seconds). THIS STEP
IS CRITICAL! THICK SMEARS REQUIRE MORE TIME THAN THIN ONES. (DECOLORIZING AGENT)
6. Rinse with water to stop the action of the alcohol.
7. Cover with SAFRANIN for 20 seconds.
8. Gently rinse off the stain with water. Blot with bibulous paper and clean off the bottom of the slide with 95% alcohol. |
|
|
Term
| What condition has the hallmark of ventral flexion of the neck? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 causes of prerenal azotemia? |
|
Definition
| Dehydration and concentrated urine |
|
|
Term
| What's a cause of renal azotemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a cause of postrenal azotemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes seizures after eating? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What breed commonly has amyloidosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is an increased ALKP always significant in cats? When would it be expected? |
|
Definition
| Indicates a problem with cholestasis (bile production.) Young and growing cats |
|
|
Term
| What factor will change all liver values? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's normal blood pressure for dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a normal pre- and post- result for a bile acids test for dogs? |
|
Definition
| 0-5 umol/L and <25 umol/L |
|
|
Term
| What system helps maintain blood pH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ detoxifies, stores a small amount of carbohydrates (glycogen), and produces many components for normal maintenance, growth, and production in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 species is hepatic lipidosis common in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease destroys normal liver tissue and is caused by accumulation of inert protein in the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What produces bile acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intracellular or extracellular?: Sodium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the maximum amount of potassium that can be given per hour? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition is too little aldosterone produced? |
|
Definition
| Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's) |
|
|
Term
| What's the most abundant anion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intracellular or extracellular?: Chloride |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a normal PCV for cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cells do you see Howell jolly bodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Dohle bodies seen on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are RBC's with multiple irregularly spaced projections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you estimate hemaglobin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease are RBCs and platelets destroyed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a non-regenerative left shift? |
|
Definition
| Low WBC count and bands outnumber segs |
|
|
Term
| What's a regenerative left shift? |
|
Definition
| High WBC and segs are greater than or equal to bands |
|
|
Term
| How long do RBCs stay in cat circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long do RBCs stay in dog circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does it take for a RBC to mature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 5 things are eosinophils involved in? |
|
Definition
| Parasitic infections, fungal diseases, protozoal, allergies, and immune compplex diseases |
|
|
Term
| What can be connected to sepsis in dogs and are not significant in cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hereditary disorder causes hyposegmented eos? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the unit of measure for MCH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Petechial hemorrhages are indicative of what disorder? |
|
Definition
| Dessimated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased BUN aand creatinine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A graphic representation of your lab results |
|
|
Term
| What test evaluates the final stage of the clotting process (the breakdown of the blood clot)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an ACTH stimulation test check for? |
|
Definition
| Addisons or Cushings disease |
|
|
Term
| What does decreased production of aldosterone and/or cortisol by the adrenal glands indicate? |
|
Definition
| Hypoadrenocorticism (Addisons) |
|
|
Term
| The Giemsa stain is used for? |
|
Definition
| Spirochetes and rickettsiae (Ehrlichia) |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for a Romanowsky stain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What wave occurs during atrial contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What wave occurs during repolarization of the ventricles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during ventricular contraction and atrial repolarization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs when there's no P wave or poor contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What heart rhythm can be heard with Dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 30 x 19.1 (bdy wt. in kg.) = 573 + 70 = 643 (calories) x 1.5 = 964.5 calories/day represents what? |
|
Definition
| Resting Energy Requirement (RER) "Healthy animal" |
|
|
