Term
|
Definition
| special coating to protect the drug from the acidic stomach so it wont dissolved until it reaches the small intestines |
|
|
Term
| sustained release medications |
|
Definition
| releases small amounts of medicine over extended time into intestinal lumen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| solution of drugs dissolved in sweeten alcohol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alcohol solutions for topical application |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anthelmintic that kills parasite worms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that stimulation limp rumen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oral drugs that travel to the liver before reaching systemic circulation and possibly removed before it is able to affect the rest of the body |
|
|
Term
| receptor-mediated medication |
|
Definition
| in target tissues it binds to receptor site and causes cells to react (agonist) ro prevent a reaction (antagonist) |
|
|
Term
| nonreceptor mediated medication |
|
Definition
| at target tissues it interacts with ions in the body to create a chemical reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drug componets from changes in chemical structure |
|
|
Term
| Canadian Food and Drug Act |
|
Definition
| determines if a med is OTC, prescription, controlled or narcotic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| manipulation of a drug that isnt provided for in FDA approved drug label |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aka mad itch or pseudorabies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ratio of therapeutic level and toxic levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how drugs move into, through and out of body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drug moves from injection site into systemic circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drug moves from systemic circulation to target area |
|
|
Term
| biotransformation, aka drug metabolism |
|
Definition
| drug molecule is altered, becoming a metabolite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metabolites excreted from body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minimum inhibitory concentration; dose of antibiotic needed to inhibit bacteria growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accumulation of metabolites in tissues or animal products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microorganisms develop ability to survive presence of antimicrobials, usually due to overuse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| profound sedation and analgesia but not from general anesthesia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how pain infor is carried from periphery sense receptors in skin and viscera to cerebral cortex via neuronal relays |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nociception receptors stimulated by injury, which are converted to electrical impulses when pain threshhold is exceeded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when stimuli exceeds nociception threshhold it travels peripheral nerves to spinal cord (dorsal horn) and brain (thalamus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| descending pathway allows brain to podify pain sensory by sending chemical messages from brain to close the gates in the spinal cord to the ascending message |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conscious brain processes signal and recognizes it as pain |
|
|
Term
| pain wind up or central stimulation |
|
Definition
| repeated painful stimulation increases the strength of pain signal reaching the brain, leading to less stimulation needed to increase pain response from nonpainful and spontaneous pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sympathetic mimickers that shut down GI tract, salivation and tearing plus digestion and miosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sympathetics that block parasympathetic neurotransmitters acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blocks D2 dopamine receptors in the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds to specific site on GABA receptor in the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| works on CNS by blocking D2 dopamine receptors, is a dopamine antagonist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates the a2 adrenoceptors to cause a decrease release of norepinepherine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any combo of analgesia and tranquilizer which enhances CNS depression of each drug and can be mixed in same syringe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minimum alveolar concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dilutes inhalant anesthetic by converting gas to liquid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| act peripherally by reducing prostaglandin production in damaged tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nondepolarizing drug that competes with acetylcholine at postjunctional receptors which results in muscle paralysis |
|
|
Term
| blood transfusion rate for anemia |
|
Definition
20 ml/kg/hr cats and old dogs
30 ml/kg/hr dogs |
|
|
Term
| blood transfusion rate for acute intraoperative blood loss |
|
Definition
100 ml/kg dogs
75 ml/kg cats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more CO2 produced than excreted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CO2 excreted is more than produced and is caused by excessive IPPV or hyperventilation |
|
|
Term
| Inverted L block in cattle |
|
Definition
| local anesthetic injected intohorizontal line ventral to transvers processes of lumbar vertebrae and vertical line caudal to last rib |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aka paralumbar block; local anesthetic injected below lateral edges of transverse processes of the first 4 lumbar vertebrae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| local anesthetic injected into T13, L1-L3 vertebrae about 4 cm off midline within 4-6 inch needle at the caudal aspect of L1-L3 to cause muscle relaxation and desensitization of skin and deeper tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| local anesthetic injected into the epidural space between first and third coccygeal vertebrae (cranial epidural) ot sacrococcygeal junction (caudal epidural) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| local anesthetic injected into the nerve running along the frontal crest from lateral canthus of eye to the horn; is for dehorning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for enucleation; local anesthetic injected as skin blebs at point of suprorbital process and zygomatic arch. Then a cannula directed past rostral border of coronoid process to pterygopalatine fossa. Second local SQ injection is made lateral to zygomatic arch to desensitize eye globe and surrounding tissue |
|
|
Term
| Retrobulbar (4 point) block |
|
Definition
| local anesthetic injected into dorsal and ventral eyelids plus medial and lateral canthus directed at nervces at apex of orbit; for enucleation or extirpation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| local anesthetic injected into deep tissue and SQ around surgical site |
|
|
Term
| Cow laparotomy surgical position, type of anesthetic and incision placement |
|
Definition
| standing with local anesthetic; incision in paralumbar fossa |
|
|
Term
| Cow digital amputation surgical position, type of anesthetic and incision placement |
|
Definition
| lateral recumbency with affected claw up, ring block or IV local infiltration with tourniqet |
|
|
Term
| Cattle an goats teat laceration repair surgical position, type of anesthetic and incision placement |
|
Definition
| standing or dorsal recumbency with ring block on infected teat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| iodine and soap combination, such as povidone iodine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| on ventral midline of abdominal cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lateral and parallel to ventral midline to expose only one side of the abdomen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parallel to last rib to expose stomach and spleen |
|
|
Term
| median sternotomy incision |
|
Definition
| midline on ventral thorax, cranial from xiphoid process or caudally from first sternebrae |
|
|
Term
| lateral intercoastal thoracotomy |
|
Definition
| perpendicular to spine between ribs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resection of intestine and join cut ends together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| incise urethra and suture splayed ends together to make larger urethral orifice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disruption of surgical wound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depolarization of right and left atria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beginning of atrial depolarization into ventricular depolarization; is the result of slow conduction through AV node |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventricular depolarization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repolarization of centricular myocardium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells relax after depolarizing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sinoatrial node is the pacemaker that orginates the electrical activity within the heart |
|
|
Term
| depolarization path left to right |
|
Definition
| bundle branches to apex of heart, Purkinje fibers direct waves of depolarization through ventricles in cranial direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SA node to atria, caudally to ventricles to AV node, slow to proximal ventricle conduction system (bundle of His) to interventricular septum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| irregular ventricular rhythm from SA node; QRS to QRS interval varies plus P wave for each QRS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased ventricular rat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased ventricular rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventricular rate different from atrial rate; irregular sawtooth pattern between QRS's and precursor to atrial fibrillation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| irregular rhythm with erratic impusles passing through atrial myocardium and irregular ventricular depolarization; no P waves |
|
|
Term
| premature ventricular contraction or complex |
|
Definition
| ventricle discharges before arrival of next impulse from SA node; P wave not seen and QRS is wide and distorted |
|
|
Term
| atrial premature contraction |
|
Definition
| premature P wave without QRS OR normal QRS complex; length depends on area of origin but shouldnt be in SA node or ectopic location of atria: appears as long, short then normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is more than 4 PVCs in sequence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no mechanical pumping seen; no recognizable P wave or QRS complex; must treat immediately or will go into cardiac arrest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PR interval longer; a minor conduction problem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some atrial pulses dont conduct through AV node so ventricles dont depolarize |
|
|
Term
| second degree AV block Type I |
|
Definition
| aka Mobitz type 1 or Wenckeback AV block; PR interval gets longer with each beat and then P waves occur without QRS complex |
|
|
Term
| second degree AV block type II |
|
Definition
| constant PR interval with normal duration and randomly dropped beats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complete heartblock!!!! atria and ventricles beat independantly which appears as no relationship between P and QRS complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to measure orogastic tube |
|
Definition
| on outside of body, measure from mouth to last rib and mark tube at mouth |
|
|
Term
| how to measure nasogastric tube |
|
Definition
| from nares to 13th rib, mark tube at nares |
|
|
Term
| required step in urinary catherization of males |
|
Definition
| retract prepuce 1-2 inches to expose glans penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aseptic needle puncture into the bladder to get an uncontaminated, sterile urine sample OR to relieve urine in obstruction cases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hospital acquired infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| destruction of all microorganisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| destruction of most pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| destroying more pathogenic microorganisms on animate objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicate sterilizer exposure time has been achieved, not that item is sterilized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pressured steam destroys microbes via cellular protein denaturation; requires balanced temperature, pressure and exposure time |
|
|
Term
| gravity displacement autoclave |
|
Definition
| electrical element adds heat raising pressure which heats water to boiling and increases temperature of steam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has a boiler to generate steam and vacuum pressure which puts steam into the chamber forcing out air creating the vacuum |
|
|
Term
| cold chemical sterilzation |
|
Definition
| water and a solution to soak instruments to disinfect them |
|
|
Term
| equines would be placed in dorsal recumbency for which type of surgeries under general anesthesia? |
|
Definition
| preferred to place on left lateral; abdominal, laryngeal ventriculectomy, castrations, arthroscopies (hock, stifle,carpus), neurectomy |
|
|
Term
| correct positioning for equine lateral recumbency. What types of surgeries can be performed in this position |
|
Definition
| place on side with down leg forwards and contralateral limbs supported, pad head and remove halter; eye, tooth extractions, mandible fractures, laryngotomy, arthroscopies (carpus, fetlock, shoulders), periosteal strips, splint fracture removal, more than 1 branch neurectomy, condyle fracture repair |
|
|
Term
| procedures that can be performed in sedated standing horse |
|
Definition
| wolf teeth extraction, rectovaginal tears (give epidural also), caslick procedure, perianal lacerations (give epidural also), uncomplicated OVH, tendon splints, castrations, 1 branch neurectomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suturing a small part of the vulva to prevent air from entering vagina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecules move from high to low concentration to balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| H2O moves from low pressure to high pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pressure required to stop osmosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concentration of osmotice active particles; normal value approximately 300 mOsm/kg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sodium, chloride, bicarbonate |
|
|
Term
| what does sodium do in the body? |
|
Definition
| maintains volume and osmotic pressure; influenced by H2O |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| potassium, magnesium, phosphate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low potassium; must be severely low before clinical signs present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high potassium; on EKG the T wave will look like a tall tent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased pH in body; potassium influences ICF and ECF movement. When potassium drops, it leaves ICF and moves to ECF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| either none or defective urine exreted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulation of H in body fluid |
|
|
Term
| normal pH of aterial blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal pH of venous blood and ICF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of total body water with intravascular volume preserved; correct slowly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intravascular volume not enough to support/preserve cardiac output; correct RAPIDLY |
|
|
Term
| which teeth do cats not have using the triadan system |
|
Definition
| 105, 205, 305, 306,405,406 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two sets of teeth: baby and adult |
|
|
Term
| dogs permanent teeth and how many deciduous teeth |
|
Definition
I6/6, C2/2,PM8/8,M4/6=42
28 baby teeth |
|
|
Term
| cats permanent teeth and how many deciduous teeth |
|
Definition
I6/6,C2/2,PM6/4,M2/2=30
26 baby teeth |
|
|
Term
| mares permanent teeth and how many deciduous teeth |
|
Definition
I6/6,C2/2,PM6/6,M6/6=30-36 (dont always have canines)
24 baby teeth |
|
|
Term
| male horse permanent teeth and how many deciduous teeth |
|
Definition
I6/6, C2/2,PM6/6,M6/6=40-42 (dont always have canines)
24 baby teeth |
|
|
Term
| ruminants permanent teeth and how many deciduous teeth |
|
Definition
I0/8,C0/0,PM6/6,M6/6=32
20 baby teeth |
|
|
Term
| hamter, gerbil and rodents permanent teeth and how many deciduous teeth |
|
Definition
I2/2,C0/0,PM0/0,M6/6=16
no baby teeth |
|
|
Term
| guinea pigs permanent teeth and how many deciduous teeth |
|
Definition
I2/2,C0/0,PM2/2,M6/6=20
no baby teeth |
|
|
Term
| rabbits permanent teeth and how many deciduous teeth |
|
Definition
I4/2,C0/0,PM6/4,M6/6=28
no baby teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cutting, shearing and holding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Triadan system numbers by quadrant |
|
Definition
upper right: 100-111
upper left: 200-211
lower left: 300-311
lower right: 400-411 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
canine teeth are always 4 (104,204,304,404)
first molar is always 9 (109,209,309,409) |
|
|
Term
| special feature of all equine teeth |
|
Definition
| all teeth only have one root |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| apex of permenant teeth stays open |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upper jaw is wider than lower jaw |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in rabbits its a row of tiny teeth behind double row of incisors |
|
|
Term
| aradicular hypsdont in rabbits |
|
Definition
| no periodont ligament to hold teeth, They are held in place by a plexus which is a group of blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| rats and mice have what type of incisors, premolars and molars |
|
Definition
incisors are aradicular hypsodont
premolars and molars are brachyodont |
|
|
Term
| what type of teeth do chinchillas and guinea pigs have? What special structure do they have in their mouth? |
|
Definition
teeth are aradicular hypsodonts
palatal ostium which is located at the back of the soft palate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| olfactory; chronic sinusitis from chronic dental disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| optoc; retrobulbular mass, abscessed posterior root on carnisal tooth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oculomotor; decreased saliva and tears, cervical injury, Horner's syndrome, Bell's Palsy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trochlear; same effects as optic nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trigeminal; nerve for oral cavity and affected by any dental disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abducens; same affects as optic nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| facial; some effects as oculomotor nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glassopharyngeal; taste and abnormal tongue movement and decreased sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypoglossal; tongue movement abnormal and decreased sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enamel (ameloblast), dentin (odontoblast), pulp (odontoblast, fibroblast), CEJ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cementum (inorganic matter, hydroxyapatite, organ collagen fibers, Sharpey's fibers); periodontal ligament(collagen, elastic fibers, blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics); alveolar bone; gingiva; sulcular fluid(immunoglobulins, antimicrobes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Class I: neutroclusion: +1 teeth misaligned
Class II: distoclusion: mandible teeth distal to maxillaries
Class III: mesioclusion: mandible teeth occlude mesial to maxillaries; aka "undershot jaw" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one side of the mouth is out of proportion with the other side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| abnormal dental interlock |
|
Definition
| decidious teeth in irregular pattern; retained decidous teeth; Class II occlusion and base narrow by impeding mandible growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1+ maxillary incisor lingual to mandible incisor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mandible wider than maxillary premolars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mandible canines are displaced lingually |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mandible is shorter than maxillary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mandible is longer than maxillary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| melanoma, squamous cell tumor, fibrosarcoma, osteosarcoma |
|
|
Term
| nonmalignant oral lesions |
|
Definition
| epulis (peripheral odontogenic fibroma or peripheral acanthomatous ameloblastoma), gingival hyperplasia, stomatitis, contact ulcer, eosiniphilic ulcers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 tooth root with 2 crowns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 tooth buds forma a large tooth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enamel is reduced or missing |
|
|
Term
| where do oronasal fistullas form |
|
Definition
| abscessed maxillary canine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
G10: normal
G11: mild inflammation without increased suculus depth
G12: increased hyperemia, edema and bleeding gums
G13: worse than G12 with possible attachment loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tooth support structures, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone and cementum are very inflammed from bacteria in the plaque that has change composition making it very resistant to antibiotics and oral rinses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| black pigmenting anaerobic bacteria: Porphyromonas gulae, P. denticanis, P. salivosa; these cause periodontal pockets in cats and dogs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
P10: healthy
P11: gingivitis only
P12: <25% loss
P13: 25-50% loss
P14: +50% loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
M0: none
M1: <1mm movement
M2: 1-2mm movement
M3: lateral and apical movement; must extract tooth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka feline cervical neck lesion, neck lesion, enamel erosion; lesions filled with granulation tissues and odontoclasts that reabsorb dentin and enamel
Type 1: at CEJ
Type 2: on tooth root |
|
|
Term
| Lymphocytic/plasmacytic stomatitis |
|
Definition
| secondary to FeLV, FIV, FIP: causes painful intolerqance to plaque |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infectious canine cyclic thrombocytopenia |
|
|
Term
| where are B cells produced and purpose? |
|
Definition
| bone marrow of mammals and bursa of Fabricius in avians; its for humoral immunity and makes immunoglobins |
|
|
Term
| where are T cells produced and purpose? |
|
Definition
| thymus gland; cell mediated immunity by making complement and causes direct cell death of organisms and cancers; largest amount of circulating lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| infectious agent of Chagas disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does neutrophilia indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does eosinophilia and basophilia together indicate? |
|
Definition
| allergic or parasitic disease |
|
|
Term
| what does monocytosis and lymphocytosis together indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of epithelial cells with duct in the middle; hallmark of adenocarcinoma |
|
|
Term
| pyothorax pleural fluid composition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chylothorax pleural fluid composition |
|
Definition
| chyle which is lymph and emulsified fats or free fatty acids (FFA) |
|
|
Term
| a high protein diet will increase which urine value? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assesses renal tubules ability to concentrate or dilute filtrate from glomerulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| urine isnt diluted or concentrated; glomular filtrate SG is same as plasma SG; SG will be 1.008-1.012 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SG <1.008; urine diluted below plasma SG |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SG >1.012; urine concentrated above plasma SG |
|
|
Term
| normal SG values for cats, dogs, and large animals |
|
Definition
dogs: 1.001-1.075
cats: 1.001-1.085
LA: 1.001-1.040 |
|
|
Term
| renal threshhold for glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ketones produced during fat metabolism |
|
Definition
| acetone, acetoceltic, B-hydroxybutric acid |
|
|
Term
| squamous cell appearance and location |
|
Definition
largest cell; flat, irregular with angular borders and round nuclei
urethra, vagina, vulva |
|
|
Term
| transitional cell appearance and location |
|
Definition
roud-pear-caudate with granular cytoplasm; # increase in inflammation
bladder, ureters, renal prelvis, urethra |
|
|
Term
| renal cell appearance and location |
|
Definition
round with large nucleus; inc # indicate renal tubular disease
renal tubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| renal tubular irritation, inflammation or degeneration |
|
|
Term
| hyaline cast appearance and indication |
|
Definition
clear refractile cylinder
very mild renal irritation |
|
|
Term
| cellular cast appearance and indication |
|
Definition
tubular epithelial, RBC or WBC; epithelial casts have cells from renal epithelium
epithelial cast: acute nephritis, renal tubule degeneration
RBC cast(RBC stuck in hyaline cast): hemorrhage into tubules
WBC cast: becomes granular cast as WBC degenerations |
|
|
Term
| granular cast indicative of |
|
Definition
granules of degenerated epithelial cells, WBC, precipitated plasma protein and by products of protein metabolism
large # = acute nephritis or severe kidney disease |
|
|
Term
| fatty casts appearance and indication |
|
Definition
refractile fat droplets
cats: renal disease
dogs: diabetes mellitus and tubular disease |
|
|
Term
| waxy cast appearance and indication |
|
Definition
colorless square
chronic: severe tubular degeneration with very low passage rate |
|
|
Term
| tubular degeneration has what type of casts |
|
Definition
| renal tubular cell casts with increased granular casts |
|
|
Term
| inflammed tubules has what type of casts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| struvite crystal appearance, composition and indicates |
|
Definition
looks like coffin lid and made of magnesium, ammonium phosphate and triple phosphate
indicates lower UTI uroliths |
|
|
Term
| amorphous phosphate/ urate crystals |
|
Definition
phosphorus is alkaline and urate is acidic
made of ammonium biurate crystals that look like round brown spicules; indicates liver disease or portal cava shunts; dalmations predisposed
calcium carbonate looks like a dumbbell; normal in horses |
|
|
Term
| calcium oxalate crystals appearance and indicates |
|
Definition
looks like a square with x through it
if composed of dihydrate calcium oxalate indicates calcium urolithiasis
if composed of monohydrate calcium oxalate indicates antifreeze toxicity |
|
|
Term
| leucine/cystine/tyrosine crystals indicate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| uric acid crystal indicates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bilirubin crystals indicate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "fight or flight"; glucocorticoid induced from exercise or fear or pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temporary increase in RBC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| total RBC + Hb content + PCV |
|
|
Term
| reticulocyte count definition |
|
Definition
| percent of RBC that are immature which are erythrocytes with ribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rubriblast, prorubricyte, rubricyte, metarubricyte, polychromatic erythrocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| myeloblast, progranulocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band, mature |
|
|
Term
| 2 agranulocytes young to mature |
|
Definition
*monoblast, promonocyte
*lymphoblast, prolymphocyte, B and T lymphocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| megakaryoblast, promegakaryocyte,megakaryocyte, platelet |
|
|
Term
| ways to prep solid mass slide |
|
Definition
| compression "squash", modified compression, starfish |
|
|
Term
| ways to prep fluid sample slide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Wright's, Diff-Quik
*NMB: nucleis, mast cell granules, infectious agents
*Gram- (+ purple, - pink)
*Hematoxylin & Eosin: histological values
*Pananicolaou's: nuclear detail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
carcinoma, adenocarcinoma
very cellular, exfoliate in clumps, high N:C ratio |
|
|
Term
| mesenchymal cell tumors and spindle cell tumors are also called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| discrete round cell tumors are also called |
|
Definition
| histiocytoma, lymphoma, venereal tumors |
|
|
Term
| lymphosarcoma are what type of tumors |
|
Definition
| plasma cell tumors, mast cell tumors, melanoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| severe spasm causing patient's body to bend backwards and stiffen; cats and dogs indicates traumatic lesions on brain stem or rostral cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| parietal pleura is found where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which anesthetic agent commonly causes post operative hyperthermia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| involuntary movements in the body are controlled by which type of muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which drug can reverse digoxin toxicity |
|
Definition
| calcium gluconate as it reverses the hyperkalemia caused by digoxin toxicity |
|
|
Term
| 1 mm is equal to how many cubic cm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eosinophilic spiral mucus casts from small bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| cells that can be found in respiratory wash and what they indicate |
|
Definition
1.curschmann's spirals
2. columnar & cuboidal epithelia: ciliated and nonciliated
3. neutros: increased in inflammation
4. alveolar macrophages
5. superficial squamous cells: from oral contamination only
6. eosiniphils: allergic reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation in lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase number of immature cells without mature cells being release |
|
|
Term
| where to aspirate bone marrow sample |
|
Definition
| femur head, humerus head, iliac crest, femoral canal |
|
|
Term
| fibrinous inflammatory condition |
|
Definition
| exudative inflammation with large amount of fibrin in exudate |
|
|
Term
| chronic granulomatous inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| production of allblood cell types |
|
|
Term
| large number of degenerated neutrophils in vaginal cytology |
|
Definition
| vaginitis, pyometria, metritis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anestrus: noncornified squamous epithelial
proestrus early-middle: parabasal
proestrus intermediate: superficial, neutros, RBCs
proestrus late: decreased neutros, bacteria
estrus: superficials, RBC, bacteria |
|
|
Term
| common neoplasias of the testes |
|
Definition
| sertoli cell tumor, interstitial cell tumor |
|
|
Term
| cytology of oesteosarcoma |
|
Definition
| high cell count with pleomorphic cell types |
|
|
Term
| cytology of chondrosarcoma |
|
Definition
| diffuse cartilaginous matrix with embedded cells |
|
|
Term
| SG of most parasitic eggs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sugar: 1.330
zinc sulfate: 1.180
saturated sodium chloride: 1.200 |
|
|
Term
| tests for quantitative fecals |
|
Definition
| Wisconsin dbl centrifuge, McMAster technique |
|
|
Term
| tests to diagnose blood parasites |
|
Definition
| Modified Knott's, Buffy Coat, ELISA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glomeruli not working well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| possibly amount of protein ingested, fever, corticosteriods, pre-renal factors (shock, trauma), post-renal (obstruction in ureter, bladder, urethra) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anorexia, liver disease, tubular injury |
|
|
Term
| when urine fails to concentrate |
|
Definition
| insufficient ADH or tubular dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| pancreatic endocrine function |
|
Definition
| produce glucagon and insulin |
|
|
Term
| pancreatic exocrine function |
|
Definition
| produce lipase, amylase, trypsin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood glucose levels exceed renal threshhold for absorption in proximal convoluted tubules |
|
|
Term
| increased amylase indicates |
|
Definition
| pancreatitis, hyperadrenocorticism, liver diseasem upper GI inflammation or obstruction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breaks down long chain fatty acids of lipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breaks down starches and glycogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pancreatitis, renal failure, bile tract disease, hyperadrenocorticism |
|
|
Term
| increased conjugated bilirubin |
|
Definition
| hepatic jaundice, cholestasis |
|
|
Term
| increased bilirubin in dogs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increased unconjugated bilirubin in horses |
|
Definition
| prehepatic and hepatic issues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lipid soluable bound to serum proteins and carried to liver to be conjugated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glycuronic acid excreted via biliary system to intestines and kidneys with some back to liver and circulatory system; passes urine through glomerulus |
|
|
Term
| increased urobilinogen in dogs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| decreased uribilinogen in dogs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| decreased serum/plasma proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increased serum/plasma proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation/infection, antigenic stimulation,neoplasia, abnormal immunoglobulin production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uneven distribution of xrays on image |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conversion of electrical energy to pressure energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissues producer enough echos to make image when they are returned to transducer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissues permits majority of sound to pass to deeper region and only few echos are sent back resulting in dark image |
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