Term
| Normal temperature range for dogs |
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Definition
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| Normal temperature range for cats |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal pulse range for dogs |
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Definition
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Term
| normal pulse range for cats |
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Definition
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Term
| normal respiration rate for dogs |
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Definition
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Term
| normal respiration rate for cats |
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Definition
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Term
| normal pulse rate for toy breed dogs |
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Definition
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Term
| normal pulse rate for puppies |
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Definition
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Term
| List the 5 bilaterally paired lymph nodes |
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Definition
Mandibular - under lower jaw
Prescapular - in front of shoulders (palpable only if enlarged)
Popliteal - caudal thigh, behind stifle
Axillary - armpit (palpable only if enlarged)
Inguinal - inside the thigh (palpable only if enlarged) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cherry eye: An enlargement of the 3rd eyelid gland |
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Term
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Definition
Ectropion: Outward rolling of the eyelid
Bloodhound, bulldog, cocker spaniel |
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Term
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Definition
Entropion: Inward rolling of the eyelid
Shar Pei, Chow Chow, St Bernard, Golden Retriever |
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Term
| Normal mucous membrane color |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| When do the deciduous teeth erupt in dogs? |
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Definition
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Term
| When do the deciduous teeth erupt in cats? |
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Definition
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Term
| When to the permanent teeth erupt in dogs? |
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Definition
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Term
| When do the permanent teeth erupt in cats? |
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Definition
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Definition
| Pulse rate is less than heart rate |
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Definition
| Heart rate more rapid than normal |
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Definition
| heart rate slower than normal |
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Definition
| Normal in dogs. Heart rate speeds up when animal inhales, slows down when animal exhales. |
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Definition
| Caused by abnormal blood flow through the heart. Can range from very subtle to a loud, continuous "machinery murmur'. |
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Definition
| Any unusual pattern of heart sound |
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Definition
| One or both testicles not descended into scrotum |
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Definition
| One testicle descended, one not descended |
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Term
| Define bilateral cryptorchid |
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Definition
| Neither testicle descended |
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Definition
| An opinion on how the animal seems to be doing, observations |
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Definition
Lab or procedural results
ex: PE results, fecal results, urine volume, etc |
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Definition
Diagnosis or prognosis (done by DVM)
general assessment info by tech |
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Term
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Definition
| Treatment or additional tests needed (done by DVM) or any follow up care by tech |
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Term
| What is the neonate period for dogs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the canine neonatal period? |
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Definition
Limited motor ability. Righting reflex present.
Sensitive to touch, taste, perhaps smell.
Eyes & ears closed and nonfunctional.
Short periods of daily handling have marked long-term effects on later physical and behavioral development. Pups grow and develop faster. More confident, exploratory, socially dominant, and friendly towards humans. |
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Term
| When is the Transition Period for canines? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the canine Transition Period? |
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Definition
1. Begins with opening eyes and ends with opening of ear canals. Startle response to loud noises.
2. Begin to stand and walk clumsily.
3. Begin to eliminate outside nest. Licking by dam not necessary in order to stimulate elimination.
4. Start play-fighting and displaying social signals such as growling and tail-wagging. |
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Term
| When is the Socialization Period of canines? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the Socialization Period for canines? |
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Definition
Week 3 - 8: Sensitive period for socialization to own species.
* Optimum time for dog-dog socialization
* Puppies identify selves as species with which they have primary contact during this period (dog, human, cat, sheep, etc)
Week 12 - Sensitive period for socialization to other species (Juvenile Period)
* Other species = humans, cats, etc
* If no exposure during this period, pups will always remain fearful of and perhaps hostile to other species
* Avoid traumatic experiences associated with humans (esp. children) during this period |
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Term
| When is the Adolescent Period for canines? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the Adolescent Period in canines? |
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Definition
1. Sensitive period for being able to adapt well to new situations.
2. Flight instinct develops - teach puppy to come when called!
3. Dominance challenges to other dogs and human family members begins.
4. Reinforcement of socialization needed periodically until 6-8 months, or will become fearful again |
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Term
| When is the Neonatal Period for felines? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is the Socialization Period for felines? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is the Juvenile Period for felines? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the Neonatal Period in felines? |
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Definition
Strong righting reflex.
Sensitive to touch, taste, smell. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the Socialization Period for felines? |
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Definition
1. Sensitive period for cat-cat and cat-human socialization.
2. Queens begin to teach prey behavior at 3 weeks.
3. Social play begins at 4 weeks of age.
5. Early independent prey behavior begins at 5 weeks. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the Juvenile Period for felines? |
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Definition
1. Adult responses to visual and olfactory threats by 6-8 weeks
2. Object play begins at 7-8 weeks
3. Prey behavior continues to be shaped by queen
4. By 12 weeks, social play and prey behavior are increasingly correlated. Siblings, rather than queen, shape each other's prey behavior |
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Term
| What is Positive Reinforcement? |
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Definition
| A pleasant stimulus immediately following a behavior increases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated. |
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Term
| What is Negative Reinforcement? |
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Definition
| Avoiding or escaping an unpleasant stimulus by performing a behavior increases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated. |
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Term
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Definition
| An unpleasant stimulus is presented immediately following a behavior. Object is to decrease the likelihood of the behavior being repeated. Not very effective. |
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Term
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Definition
| Withholding or removing positive reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior |
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Term
| What is Counterconditioning? |
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Definition
| Training the animal to perform a behavior that cannot be performed at the same time as the unwanted behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exposing the animal repeatedly to a gradient of stimuli, starting with an intensity that doe snot evoke the unwanted behavior, and increasing the intensity in small increments, rewarding the animal when the behavior does not occur. |
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Term
| When do canines reach sexual maturity? |
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Definition
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Term
| When do bitches experience their first heat? |
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Definition
| 1st at 5-8 months, recurs approximately every 5 1/2 - 7 months. (Basenji - once yearly) |
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Term
| What is the gestation period for canines? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the adult feline dental formula? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the deciduous feline dental formula? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the dental formula for the adult canine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the formula for deciduous canine teeth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the six rights when administering a medication? |
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Definition
1. Right patient
2. Right drug
3. Right time
4. Right dose
5. Right route
6. Right frequency |
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Term
| This antibody functions to boost local inflammation reactions |
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Definition
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Term
| Avian erythrocytes are different from mammalian erythrocytes how? |
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Definition
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Term
| Avian neutrophils are called |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the agranulocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood collection in avians can be done where? |
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Definition
Right jugular (larger than left side)
Ulnar & brachial veins |
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Term
| What organism causes chlamydiosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Chlamydiosis is also called |
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Definition
| Psittacosis or ornithosis |
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Term
| What avian species are typically affected by chlamydiosis? |
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Definition
| psittacines, poultry, water fowl |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of chlamydiosis? |
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Definition
green diarrhea
pneumonia
nasal & ocular discharge
lethargy
*sometimes totally asymptomatic |
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Term
| What are the three granulocytes? |
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Definition
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils |
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Term
| What are the two agranulocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Most common WBC in dog and cat
Also called segs or PMN’s
Granules in cytoplasm lyse bacteria
Lifespan is 24 hours
First line of defense against microbial infections |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary function is phagocytosis (eating of solids) meaning the killing and ingestions of microorganisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ingest extracellular fluid and it’s contents |
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Term
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Definition
Red/pink granules release anti-histamine
Lifespan is 8-15 days
Found mainly in tissues ( GI tract, respiratory, skin) |
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Term
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Definition
Engulf bacteria:
They detoxify bacteria, antigen/antibody complexes, fungi and inert particles
Control inflammation:
They release anti-histamine from granules to counteract infiltration of fluid.
Help breakdown clots:
Have profibrinolysin in granules to breakdown fibrinogen in clots. |
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Term
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Definition
Least common cell in dogs and cats
Lavender granules release histamine and heparin
Lifespan is 10-12 days |
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Term
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Definition
Induce inflammation:
They release histamine to provide fluid to transport neutrophils to the injury
Prevent blood from clotting:
Release heparin from granules |
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Term
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Definition
Largest WBC
Seen more in chronic conditions
Can engulf and destroy pathogens that can’t be effectively controlled by neutrophils. Especially intracellular organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
Help to provide immunity:
Involved in many stages of the antigen-antibody response.
Phagocytosis:
Of bacteria, fungi and protozoa
Pinocytosis:
Removal of liquids from inflammatory processes
Coagulation and fibrinolysis:
Generation of several clotting factors and lysing activators.
Scavenger Role:
Removal of dead, dying and damaged cells. |
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Term
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Definition
T Cells: are a very long-lived cell. Usually around 4 yrs, but a small percentage up to 20 yrs.
B Cells: live few hours to 3-4 days. |
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Term
| T-cell lymphocytes do what |
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Definition
| Attach to invading agents and destroy them. |
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Term
| B-cell lymphocytes do what |
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Definition
Produce immunoglobulins: Synthesis of antibodies against a specific antigen (B Cell). Defense against infection.
Reactive lymphs or plasma cells are B cells actively producing antibodies |
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Term
| What is a regenerative left shift |
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Definition
Indicates bone marrow response; a good prognosis
Lab Findings
High WBC count
# of mature neuts > # of bands |
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Term
| What is a degenerative left shift |
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Definition
Indicates an unresponsive or overworked bone marrow; a poor prognosis
Lab Findings
Low WBC count
# of bands (& other immature neuts) > # mature neuts |
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Term
| What is a neutrophilic right shift |
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Definition
> 5% hypersegmented neutrophils ( > 5 lobes)
Seen in animals with Vitamin B12/ Folic acid deficiency
Seen with long-term steroid treatments |
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Term
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Definition
Appearance of a band
Cells are functionally normal
Can be fatal to unborn or newborn bunnies
Can be mistaken as “ pseudo” left shift
Seen in dogs, cats, and rabbits
Hyposegmentation of mainly neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
Increased variation in shape of RBC’s
Many different variations in shape must be seen to use this term |
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Term
| Ovalocytes / Ellyptocytes |
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Definition
RBC’s that are oval, egg shaped, elongated or cigar shaped
May show NO Central pallor
Associated with hereditary disorders and various anemias |
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Term
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Definition
Round or spherical
Associated with:
Hemolytic anemias
Hallmark cell for Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA)
Hereditary sperocytosis
Post transfusion with mismatched blood |
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Term
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Definition
Associated with:
Non-regenerative anemias
Chronic liver dz |
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Term
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Definition
Fragmented RBC’s
Associated with:
Seen in sever burn cases
Combined with spherocytes – hallmark for IMHA
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy (DIC)
Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) |
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Term
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Definition
Usually due to an artifact caused by not adequately waving the slide dry
Can be caused from making slides with EDTA blood older than 3 hours |
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Term
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Definition
Associated with:
Renal dz
Lymphosarcoma
Post exercise (esp. horses)
Rattlesnake bites |
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Term
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Definition
Spiny projections irregularly distributed around the cell membrane
Serious pathologic condition
Associated with Liver dz and hepatic lipidosis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Central pallor is slit or mouth-like instead of round
Associated with a rare inherited disorder but normal in dolphins |
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Term
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Definition
| Small triangular cells with 1 or 2 pointed ends |
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Term
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Definition
Is punctuate or dot-like blue granules
Presence of small dark blue granules throughout the RBC
Results from precipitation of RNA during the Diff Quik staining process
Associated with:
May indicate abnormal RBC formation in the bone marrow
Various anemias
Lead poisoning |
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Term
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Definition
Round densely staining purple granules which are remnants of DNA
Non-refractile
Nuclear remnants are normally removed from peripheral blood by a pitting process in the spleen
Associated with:
Splenectomy
Cases of abnormal RBC formation |
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Term
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Definition
May resemble a bite cell
NMB stain is necessary to see actual inclusion
Are denatured, precipitated hemoglobin
Cats normally have a small percentage
Associated with:
Acetaminophen (Tylenol®) poisoning
Onions: raw, cooked, and dehydrated
Zinc toxicity
Propylene glycol
Crude oil ingestion |
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Term
|
Definition
Associated with:
Multiple myeloma
Normal occurrence in some species (horses especially) |
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Term
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Definition
RBC’s are irregularly clumped together
Associated with IMHA |
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Term
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Definition
| Associated with regenerative Anemia |
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Term
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Definition
Bone marrow is responding to the blood loss by producing and releasing RBCs in decreasing levels of maturity
Hemorrhage = clear plasma, low TP
Hemolytic disease = icteric plasma, increased TP
Blood Picture
Immature rbcs
Polychromatophils/ retics
nRBCs
Anisocytosis
Increased Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) = macrocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
Bone marrow is not responding to the blood loss.
Blood Picture:
Only presently mature RBCs circulating
Do not see immature RBCs in bloodstream
Poikilocytosis
Decreased MCV and MCHC = microcytosis and hypochromasia
Causes: Nutritional deficiencies
Kidney dz
Primary bone marrow failure |
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Term
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Definition
# retics in 1000 RBCs/10 = % retics
Ex: count 100 rbcs for 10 fields.
Tally each field –
5, 6, 4, 5, 7, 4, 6, 3, 8, 5 = 53 retics
53 retics/10 fields = 5.3% retics |
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Term
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Definition
| Punctate: contain small granules and will normally exceed the aggregate form |
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Term
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Definition
| Aggregate: have strings and clumps, found more commonly in the dog. |
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Term
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Definition
More common in large animals
Vit B12 / Folic Acid
Copper Deficienccy
Iron Deficiency |
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Term
|
Definition
Bacterial
Viral
Immune mediated
Blood parasites |
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Term
| Can leptospirosis cause anemia? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Infectious dz spread by several species of ticks
Caused by an intracellular parasite ( Rickettsia)
Anemia results from destruction of parasitized RBC’s in the spleen
Parasite appears as a circular blue/black uniform sized. Smaller than H-J bodies |
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Term
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Definition
Feline Infectious Anemia
- Caused by ricketttsia called Mycoplasma haemofelis
- Previously called Haemobartonella ( Hemobart)
- Most common in male outdoor cats
- Usually present after a cat fight with a bite wound
- Lab findings show a regenerative anemia
- Organism on blood smear – small blue cocci, rings or rods
- Do not use NMB b/c difficult to differentiate from punctuate retics
- Parasites are cyclic – may not always be seen in blood
- Treated with antibiotics |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by the protozoan Babesia sp.
All domestic animals are susceptible but organism is species specific
Transmitted through Ticks ( Ixodes)
Organism appears as a large teardrop shapes in pairs or groups
Signs : Fever, lethargy |
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Term
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Definition
Flagellated protozoan appearing in the blood
Appearance is a ribbon like structure with tapered ends
Infects cattle, pig, horses, dogs, human
Wild animals (raccoons, skunks) serve as reservoirs
Symptoms are intermittent fever, enlarged lymph nodes, stunted growth |
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Term
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Definition
Hookworms
Coccidia
Ticks
Fleas
Lice |
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Term
|
Definition
Symptoms :
Sudden onset of weakness, anorexia and fever
Pale or icteric mm
Hemoglobinuria
Cyanosis in toxicity cases ( Tylenol)
Causes: Tylenol, Onions, Zinc |
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