Term
| What percent of H2O makes up basic body fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fluids are distributed between 3 type of compartments what are they? |
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Definition
- Cells
- Blood vessels
- Tissue space between blood vessels and cells
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Term
| Intracellular fluid makes up 2/3 of the bodys H2O which is 40% where can this be found? |
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Definition
- Skeletal muscle
- Blood cells
- Bone cells
- Adipose tissue
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Term
| Intravascular fluid makes up what percent of body fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Interstitial fluid makes up how much of the bodys H2O? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
In healthy animals the amount of H2O taken in is equivalent to the amount lost with normal body function |
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Definition
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Term
| Substances that dissolve in a solvent(ex: water) |
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Definition
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Term
| Movement of H2O thru a selective permeable membrane, always from an area of lesser solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the primary electrolytes in body water and what are they primarily extra or intra cellular? |
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Definition
- Sodium-extracellular (Cation+)
- Potassium-Intracellular (Cation+)
- Chloride- Extracellular (Anion-)
- Phosphate-Intracelluar (Anion-)
- Bicarbonate- Extracellular (Anion-)
Note: Fluid balance depends on electrolyte balance |
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Term
| Movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is: |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two categories of imbalance? |
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Definition
| Metabolic and Respiratory |
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Term
True or False
Primarily metabolic imbalances are generally caused by organ disease |
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Definition
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Term
| Metabolic imbalance is based on bicarb levels what are they mainted through? |
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Definition
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Term
| Respiratory imbalance is based on carbonic acid levels what are they mainted through? |
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Definition
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Term
| There are two categories of imbalance but what four types of imbalance are there? |
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Definition
- Metabolic acidosis- bicarb deficit
- Metabolic Alkalosis- bicarb excess
- Respiratory acidosis- carbonic acid excess
- Respiratory alkalosis- carbonic acid deficit
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Term
| 93% of all clinical cases of imbalance are: |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some clinical signs of metabolic acidosis? |
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Definition
- CNS Depression
- Hyperventilation:Low Total CO2 (confirmed by blood gases)
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Term
| What lab findings are there when referring to metabolic acidosis? |
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Definition
- Acid Urine
- Acidic blood pH
- Increased BUN/Creatinine
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Term
| Body defense mechanisms when referring to metabolic acidosis include increases in respriatory rate and the kidneys trying to reabsorb Bicarb but what treatment is there for metabolic acidosis? |
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Definition
- IV Sodium Bicarb
- IV fluids- LRs
- Treatment of underlying cause
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Term
| Metabolic Alkalosis can cause severe vomiting due to imbalance from chloride loss which leads to bicarbonate retention... what cause metabolic acidosis? |
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Definition
- Severe diarrhea results in excessive amounts of bicarb lost in feces
- Renal disease
- Diabetes
- Overuse of acidic drugs Ex: Asprin
- Severe burns/ Open wounds
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Term
| What are some signs of metabolic alkalosis? |
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Definition
- Over excited CNS
- Tetany
- Twitching
- Convulsions
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Term
| Some lab findings on a patient with metabolic alkalosis would be alkaline urine(>7.8) and alkaline blood. How is metabolic alkalosis treated? |
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Definition
- IV FLuids with Chloride
- Treat causes of vomiting
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Term
| If both Vomiting and Diarrhea are present does the acid/base balance usually remain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some lab findings on patients with respiratory acidosis? |
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Definition
- Acidic urine ph <5.0
- Acidic Blood pH
- Build up of carbonic acid
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Term
| What treatment can be provided to a patient with respiratory acidosis? |
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Definition
- IV Sodium Bicarb
- IV FLuids-LRs
- PPV during surgery
- O2 Therapy
- Treatment of underlying cause
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Term
| Respiratory alkalosis can be caused by hyperventilation, excitement, heatstroke, fever, and drug induced respiratory stimulation(Doxapram overdose). What are some clinical signs? |
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Definition
- Deep raid respirations
- CNS excitement
- Tetany
- Convulsions
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Term
| The only treatment for this imbalance is to treat the underlying cause, what imbalance am i? |
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Definition
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Term
| To maintain proper pH all of these systems must work together. Name the systems and their functions. |
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Definition
- Blood buffers work together to maintain ratio of carbinc acid and bicarbonate
- Renal system maintains balance by elimination and reabsorption
- Respiratory and circulatory (blood) systems make sure exchange is mainted through normal levels
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Term
| What route is known as the "pool route" because when injected this way it may take several hours to be absorbed(slowest uptake)? |
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Definition
SQ
Note: used with midl cases of dehydration and must use isotonic fluids |
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Term
| How do you assess the condition of the patient? |
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Definition
- Determing the severity by % of dehydration
- Determine GI status
- Disease status
- Conciousness
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Term
| Route of administration is determined by: |
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Definition
- How quickly does the patient need fluids?
- What is the age or size of the patient?
- Vein status
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Term
| Fluid type given is chosen by: |
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Definition
- Disease or condition of the patient
- Hypovolemia, shock
- Edema
- Dehydration
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Term
| How long can a through the needle catheter stay in place? |
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Definition
10 days
Remember: This needle is commonly used for the jugular vein |
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Term
| A butterfly catheter is good for how long? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the steps for aseptic technique when preparing to give fluids? |
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Definition
- Assemble equipment
- Clip hair
- Apply sterile gloves
- Apply at least a 3 minute scrub with disinfectant solution/scrub
- Starting in middle working to outer edges
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Term
| Where do you want to start when placing a catheter? |
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Definition
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Term
| When do you know to insert the catheter up to the hub? |
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Definition
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Term
| If the catheter is taped to tight what can occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Venoset packages are measured in? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pediatric's use__ gtt/ml. |
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Definition
60
Remember: Patient under 22 lbs gets a pediatric |
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Term
| What is the machine called that gives the desired amount at a desired rate and can be adjusted when needed: |
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Definition
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Term
| What routes of administration are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| Route of administration indicated only when minimal fluid is lost and patient is able to swallow: |
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Definition
Orally
Remember: Contraindicated in patients with vomiting, diarrhea, dysphagia, GI obstruction and shock |
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Term
Route of administration used in neonates small animal and exotics:
Hint: Care must be used to avoid visceral organs |
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Definition
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Term
| Route of administration indicated with moderate to severe dehydration and any type of fluid can be given without concern of tissue damage: |
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Definition
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Term
| Route of administration with second fastest method for rehydration and is used if vein is not attainable : |
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Definition
IO
Remember: More chance of infection so sterile procedure is a must!
Note: 5 minute scrub down not 3 |
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Term
| Contains crystals or salts diffusable substance that dissolves in solution: |
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Definition
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Term
| How are crystalloids further categorized? |
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Definition
- Isotonic-used to replace body fluids
- Hypertonic-used to draw water from tissue
- Hypotonic-used to rehydrate tissue
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Term
| What is the most common crystalloid category used and WHY? |
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Definition
| Isotonic because cells are not affected by this type of solution |
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Term
| This example of isotonic's is contrainicated with blood transfusions and is the most common and versatile: |
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Definition
| Lactated Ringer Solution (LRS) |
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Term
| Contraindicated with cardiac disease this isotonic solution increases plasma volume and sodium concentration: |
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Definition
| Physiologic Saline (0.9% NaCl) AKa: Normal saline, isotonic saline |
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Term
| This crystalloid category is used to remove tissue fluids from the body via the blood stream and is excreted by the kidneys and can not be given SQ: |
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Definition
Hypertonic Solution
- NaCl%s-3,4,5,7,23.4
- Uses: Trauma,endotemia, burns etc...
- Complications: phlebitis, hemorrhaging, hypotension
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Term
| Not to be used in conditions of pulmonary/cerebral edema/shock and fluids are drawn into tissue with concentration being greater outside the vascular system: |
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Definition
Hypotonic Soultion
- 5% Dextrose in Water (D5W)
- Diabetics
- Contraindicated SQ
- 2.5% Dextrose/0.45% Saline
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Term
| These are non diffusable substances that contain larger particles which allows them to stay within the vascular system longer working much quicker and are typically used in extreme situations/emergency: |
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Definition
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Term
| An example of a colloid that is most commonly used: |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two subcategories of colloids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some natural colloids? |
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Definition
- Plasma (aid in tx of liver dz)
- Albumin( maintains osmotic pressure)
- Whole blood( tx severe anemia or blood loss)
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Term
| This fluid additive is used in patients that are prone to hypoglycemia or patients with increased metabolic needs. Typically added to fluids to make a 2.5%-5% solution: |
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Definition
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Term
| This additive is measured in mEq and is used as a supplement and is given IV via a slow drip at a constant rate of infusion |
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Definition
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Term
| This additive helps in correcting acidosis and replacement should be given over several hours to avoid side effects like alkalosis and other electrolyte abnormalities: |
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Definition
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Term
| This fluid additive corrects hypocalcemia and should used only to effect: |
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Definition
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Term
| This fluid additive is lost rapidly and is water soluble by anorexic and debilitated animals |
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Definition
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Term
| What fluid is ideal for routine surgery? It decreases the possibility of respiratory acidosis and maintains tissue perfusion. |
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Definition
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Term
| This fluid is ideal for patients in shock, it is given when adequate tissue perfussion is seen and hypovalemia is present. |
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Definition
| LRS or Multisol-R/ Normosol R |
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Term
| LRS is commonly used in patients with acidosis but what should be done if acidosis is critical? |
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Definition
| Medicate with Sodium Bicarb IV slowly |
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Term
| Chronic Renal patients are given Normosol®-R, LRS and 0.9% NaCl, but what do acute renal patients get? |
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Definition
| 0.9% Saline (normal saline) |
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Term
| What does the amount of fluid given depend on? |
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Definition
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Term
| Rehydration is based on the estimated & of dehydration and is determined by: |
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Definition
- Degree of skin turgor
- CRT
- Pulse rate and quality
Note: For the Math Review your own notes |
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Term
What is the most common percentage of dehydration?
Hint: Symptoms: Dry mucous membranes, slight tacycardia, decreased urine ouput and mild to moderate disease in skin turgor |
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Definition
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Term
| Amount of fluid needed on a daily basis to maintain body function: |
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Definition
Maintenance
Note: Review math portion in your notes |
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Term
| Body water lost in urine and feces that can be measured is an example of: |
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Definition
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Term
| Body water lost through sweating, ventilation, mucous membrane evaportaion are examples of: |
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Definition
Insensible losses
Remember: These are not easily meausred |
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Term
| Loss of additional fluid amounts can be from: |
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Definition
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Polyuria
Note: Review MATH!!! |
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Term
| What is the standard surgical fluid infusion rate? |
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Definition
5 to 10 ml/kg/hour
Remember: Always use the lowest rate unless told otherwise |
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Term
| What are signs of over hydration? |
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Definition
- Hypothermia (Shivering)
- Increased Heart rate
- Anxiety/ restlessness
- Serous nasal discharge
- Chemosis (conjuctiva edema)
- Ascites/ pitting edema
- Hyperpnea
- Moist rale/increased lung sounds
- Blood pressure increase
- Weight increase
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Term
| How often should you monitor a patient that is recieving fluids for maintenance, shock and wide open rates? |
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Definition
- 5 to 15 minutes (wide open rates)
- 15 to 30 minutes (shock)
- 30 to 60 minutes (maintenance)
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Term
| What are some ways you can monitor your patient? |
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Definition
- Skin turgor (should disappear as therapy continues)
- MM/CRT (Should improve)
- Auscultation (listen for abnormal lung sounds)
- Appearance (overall general appearance should improve)
- Urine output
- Weight
- Lab work (values should return to normal)
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Term
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Definition
| Remember to be optimistic all your hard studying will pay off in the end! |
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