Term
| Which of the following are types of electromagnetic radiation? |
|
Definition
Radiowaves
X-rats
Visible light |
|
|
Term
| High energy electromagnetic radiation is characterized by? |
|
Definition
Short wavelength
High frequency |
|
|
Term
| The _____________ of electromagnetic energy is the number of waves that pass a stationary point per second |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is credited for the discovery of x-rays? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| X-rays have a _____ and _____ when compared to radio waves? |
|
Definition
Shorter wavelength
Lower frequency |
|
|
Term
| X-rays are formed thorugh energy transfer between ___ within atoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In an X-ray tube, the cathode carries a ___ charge and the anode carries a _____ charge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Free electrons are produced on the filament of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In order to increase the # of avail. free e- you would increase which of the following controlled settings? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increasing the kilovoltage results in |
|
Definition
1. Increased penetrating power of the xrays
2. Xrays with shorter wavelengths
3. Xrays with more energy |
|
|
Term
| The Source-image distace (SID) |
|
Definition
Is inversely proportional to the intensity of the primary beam
Standard setting: 40in |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following intensifying screen speeds inherently produces the greatest detail? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The wavelengths associated with xrays are measured in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An intensifying screen with a faster speed requires ____ radiation to produce visible light than a slower speed screen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the used processing chemical cannot be flushed down the drain due to its heavy metal content? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the prupose of an intensifying screen? |
|
Definition
To reduce the amount of radiation exposure to the patient
To create visible light as a result of being struck by xrays |
|
|
Term
| The inverse square law dictates that doubling the distance from a radiation sourc will reduce the radiographers exposure to ___ of what it would have been? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A well-managed darkroom can be described as |
|
Definition
Light proof
Organized
Clean |
|
|
Term
| On a finished film, the following are true |
|
Definition
Black areas exposed to xrays
White areas not exposed to xrays
Gray areas were variably exposed based on tissue density + technique choice |
|
|
Term
| What grid factor would you use for creating a tabletop technique chart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following settings would give you an mAs of 5? |
|
Definition
300mA @ 1/60 sec
200mA @ 1/40 sec |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following factors contribute to screen speed? |
|
Definition
Thickness of phosphor layer
Size of phosphor crystals
Type of phosphor crystals |
|
|
Term
| Increasing kVp results in |
|
Definition
Increased scatter radiation
Less contrast on your final film |
|
|
Term
| The following is true regarding scatter radiation |
|
Definition
It is non-image forming radiation
It is produced via contact with objects in the path of the primary beam
The use of a grid will decrease scatter |
|
|
Term
| The number one factor that spoils radiographic detail in vet med is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ionizing radiation can damage or kill all living cells; which cells are most susceptible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| advantages of automated film processing include |
|
Definition
Consistent quality of processed radiographs
Dry radiographs produced in a short time
Much smaller space required |
|
|
Term
| Which metal is typically used for the e-producing filament in the cathode? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where would the placement marker be placed for a limb radiographed in lateral recumbency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a patients thorax is radiographed while in right lateral recumbency, what marker should be used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Xray photon production occurs at the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When radiographing a dog's abdomen in lateral recombency, where should the primary xray beam be centered? |
|
Definition
| Cranial border of the 13th rib |
|
|
Term
| The heavy protected metal xray tube housing controls "leakage" of primary radiation through |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrons travel in what direct in the xray? |
|
Definition
| Toward the anode within an xray tube |
|
|
Term
| Filaments located in an xray tube do what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which statement is true regarding biological damage from xray exposure? |
|
Definition
| Genetic damage is not detectable until future generations are produced |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following radiographs should have the highest contrast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lead equivalent thickness of lead-impregnated rubber protective apparal in veterinary radiography |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: Collimation increases scatter radiation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: Intensifying screens allow for lower mAs to be used |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: A small amount of air within the glass envelope is beneficial because it helps to dissipate heat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: First step in evaluating radiographic technique is to look where the animal aint |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: Xrays make a film white |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: Film identification markers are not necessary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: Technical artifacts can mask or mimic actual pathology |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: Scatter radiation is produced by e- interacting with the anode |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: Orthogonial views are taken at 180 degreesapart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: Intensifying screens covert xrays into visible light |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Referring to PCC's automatic film processor, how do you know when its safe to feed another film into the machine? |
|
Definition
| When the red button switches off + when the film is completely through the end of the tray |
|
|
Term
| After what tissue thickness (in cm) do we switch to a grid system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 most common views taken by a vet xray |
|
Definition
1. Ventraldorsal view
2. Right lateral view |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the badge you must always wear when working around radiation of any sort? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the beam shouldnt hit your nads or anywhere even with protective clothing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 ways to reduce your exposure to scatter radiation |
|
Definition
1. Collimate, stay far back as possible
2. Use only minimum amount of kVp
3. Use lead gown, gloves, thyroid glove |
|
|
Term
| How are e-'s produced and what causes them to travel accress the xray tube? |
|
Definition
| e-'s produced by heating filament in cathode. e-'s fly towards anode and produce xrays which exit out of the tube. e-'s produced based on kVp setting (voltage) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of black on a film. Achieved by modifying mAs and kVp settings |
|
|
Term
| Which of our exposure factors is primarily in control of radiographic density? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of our exposure factors is primarily in control of shades of greys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When considering Mas in the vet field, what is the advantage of selecting the highest mA setting? |
|
Definition
| Shorter exposure time = decreased motion artifact |
|
|
Term
| 5 classic tissue densities from most radiolucent (grey) to radiopaque (white) |
|
Definition
1. Gas
2. Fat
3. Tissue/H2O
4. Bone
5. Metal |
|
|
Term
| 3 sources of radiation exposure for personnel? |
|
Definition
1. Leakage from tube housing
2. Scatter radiation
3. Being in path of primary beam |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of biological damage |
|
Definition
1. Genetic damage
2. Somatic damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can damage chromosomes in replicating cells such as gametes. Can have future/next gen complications |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can damage unprotected tissue such as the thyroid, cancer, and burns. Lead-based clothing reduces this exposure |
|
|
Term
| Increase in kVp does what. What is this setting good for? |
|
Definition
Increase greys
Decrease contrast
Decreased wavelength
Great for abdominals |
|
|
Term
| Decrease in kVp does what. What is this setting good for? |
|
Definition
Decrease greys
Increase contrast
Increased wavelength
Great for bones |
|
|
Term
| Decrease in size of rare earth crystals does what. |
|
Definition
Increases speed of intensifying screen
Increases detail |
|
|
Term
| Increase in size of rare earth crystals does what. |
|
Definition
Decreases speed of intensifying screen
Decreases detail |
|
|
Term
| The darkroom safelight must be how far away from the work surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A safelight bulb must be __ watts or less |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What removes unexposed silver halide crystals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Maximum permissible dose (MPD) of occupationally exposed personnel is how much per year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The low voltage circuit controls electricity to the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| More than 95% of the exposure to xray film is from ___ light produced by the _____ |
|
Definition
Visible light
Intensifying screen |
|
|
Term
| Exposure to visible light or xray radiation (and then proper processing) converts _____ crystals into ____ particles in the emulsion on the xray film |
|
Definition
Silver halide
metallic silver |
|
|
Term
| When the filament is heated, e-'s are "boiled off" via a process termed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You see a pink xray film hung up. What happened? |
|
Definition
| Raw film. Was not processed |
|
|
Term
| You see a blue xray film hung up. What happened? |
|
Definition
| Processed. No color, no xray exposure |
|
|
Term
| You see a black xray film hung up. What happened? |
|
Definition
| Processed. Exposed to xrays |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electromagnetic radiation is characterized by... |
|
Definition
1. Wavelength
2. Frequency
3. Energy |
|
|
Term
| Examples of long wavelengths |
|
Definition
Radiowaves, tv and radar
Decreases frequency
Decreases Energy |
|
|
Term
| Examples of short wavelengths |
|
Definition
Xrays, gamma rays, UV rays
Increases frequency
Increases energy |
|
|
Term
| What happens when you increase film speed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when you decrease film speed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Energy is releases as 99% heat, 1% xray |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a high velocity e- slows down due to attractive forces near the nucleus of the target material. The result produces xrays |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Packet of energy being carried along a ave at the speed of light |
|
|
Term
| Necessary elements for the production of x-rays include |
|
Definition
1. A source of e-
2. A way to accelerate the e-
3. A passage wat for the accelerated e- that is free of obstacles
4. A vacuum (tube)
5. A target area for the e- to contact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where xrays are generated |
|
|
Term
| A standard xray tube is comprised of |
|
Definition
1. Cathode
2. Anode
3. Vacuum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eliminates air molecules which would act as obstacles to the steam of accelerated e- and oxidize the elements of the machine. |
|
|
Term
| How are e- produced in the xray tube? |
|
Definition
| When a current is applied to a coiled wire filament on the cathode |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Where e- are produced. Located on the cathode. Made of tungten.
Sits in the concave area called a focusing cup |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concave area of the cathode. 2 filaments are located here. Made of molybdenum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Current that heats the filament and produces free e-. The higher mA the hotter it is.
Increase = increased quantity of xray + increased density |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Accelerates e- travel by increasing the difference in charge between anode and cathode.
The higher kVp, the faster e-'s travel toward anode.
Increase quality = decreased contrast of final image
Increase = increase tissue penetration of xrays
Affects greys on final image |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Smaller and lighter.
Stationry anode angled to direct the beam at patient. Used in dental and mobile (large animal) machines
Can't tolerate high levels of heat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Melting of the target surface resulting in increased scatter of xrays, resulting in poor image quality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Comprised of a rotating disk spinning on an axis in the center of the tube.
Target are is the beveled outer ledge, remains constant as anode disk spins
Results in cooler surface. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to variation of intensity of the primary x-ray beam. Can be used to expose different parts of the body to more or less intense rays. Good for abdominal views. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Region of the target area where e- collide.
Size affects final xray image. tiny spots = better picture. Larger spots increase penumbra "halo effect" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Provides the eletricity to heat the cathode filament. Causes e-'s to boil off and travel to anode.
Controlled by mA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Creates high electrical potential between anode and cathode. Creates rapid transport of available e- accross the tube.
Controlled by kVp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Controls amount of time that the high voltage is applied between cathode and anode. Known as exposure time.
1/30 of a sec. typically used |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "size" of the primary xray beam. Controls what parts of the animal will be radiographed. Can be cropped according to desired size. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vertical apparatus supporting the xray tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Control console where the various knobs and switches are located to operate the machine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Opens and closes the overall electrical circuit and therefore controls amt of electricity needed for an exposure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to set the kVp, in some smaller machines the kilovoltage selector may be coupled to a certain milliamperage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to set the desired electrical current to a cathode fillament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to set the time of each exposure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exposure button/pedal which requires a sight depression in order to heat the filament/generate electrons/activate the rotation of the anode, then an additional depression to produce a primary beam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used to make the exposure, may be a button on the panel or a foot switch.
Pressing half starts warming o the filament and rotation of anode. Further depression completes exposure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A stiff container that houses the xray film and the intensifying screens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Made from polycarbonate aluminum, magnesium, carbon fiber. Usually has an area in the front corner that is not exposed to xrays and can be used for labeling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prevents area of film from being exposred and can be used for labeling. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Direct exposure. Simple. Uually cardboard or a plastic sleeve that holds the film.
Good for areas that require high image detail. Used for dentistry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Keep inside free of debris, don't drop them, protect from urine/blood leakage. Keep in a safe place. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thin sheets of luminescent phosphor crystals (rare-earth metal), which convert x-rays to visible light.
Keeps exposure time down, decreases radiation amt. |
|
|
Term
| Why must xray film be sensitive to green light? |
|
Definition
| Due to rare-earth metals emitting light in the green part of the visible light spectrum. Matches speed to intensifying speed. |
|
|
Term
| Screen speed is influenced by |
|
Definition
1. Phosphor crystal type
2. Phosphor crystal size
3. Phosphor layer thickness
Thicker = more light, less detail.
Larger crystals = faster, thicker, less radiation
Smaller crystals = slower, thinner, more radiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Requires less radiation. Thicker, larger crystals.
Poorer overall detail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Requires more radiation. Thinner, smaller crystals.
Better overall detail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Avoid touching screen, keep inside of the cassette free of debris. Keep in low humidity, room temp condition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thin sheet made of a polyester base coated on both sides with an emulsion of light sensitive silver halide crystals |
|
|
Term
| What happens when silver halide absorbs light or x-radiation? |
|
Definition
Converts to metallic silver, which is black.
More silver halide = blacker the film will appear. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when silver halide is not exposed to light or x-radiation? |
|
Definition
| Will appear clear and produce lighter areas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Does not require an intensifying screen, more readily exposed to xrays.
Req. more radiation, but produces clearer image. Used in dentistry/bone imaging. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Range of exposures over which an acceptable final radiographic film density is achieved.
Wider latitude = slower screen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Store boxes vertically in a metal bin. Low humidity and cool tmps.
Dont store near xray source, near formalin vapors, NH3 or H202 (can cause fogging)
Store and date film boxes. Keep away from light. |
|
|
Term
| 3 qualities of a well-managed darkroom |
|
Definition
1. Clean
2. Organized
3. Lightproof |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where film loading and unload occurs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where chemical processing occurs |
|
|
Term
| Why is lightproofing critical? |
|
Definition
Can cause unintended exposure to film (film fogging)
Light proof doorways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Light that does not affect the film.
Use bulbs/filters that elminate light in blue and green spectrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lights that are too close
Lights that are too high in wattage
Film being exposed for a very long time under safelight, dont leave film bin doors open! |
|
|
Term
| 3 basic steps in automatic film processing |
|
Definition
1. Developing
2. Fixing
3. Washing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Converts exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic siler.
Uses hydroquinone and phenidone for chemical conversion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Removes the unexposed silver halide crystals from the film. Can reclaim silver via used fixer. |
|
|
Term
| Types of clearing agents in the fixer |
|
Definition
1. Clearing agents
2. Preservtives
3. Hardeners
4. Acidifiers
5. Buffers
6. Solvent water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Removes processing chemicals from the surface of the film |
|
|
Term
| What do weak chemicals result in? |
|
Definition
| Increased fogging and decreased contrast and density in film |
|
|
Term
| Advantages over manual processing |
|
Definition
1. Highly standardized with consistent quality
2. Produces a finished, dry radiograph very quickly
3. Req. sig. smaller darkroom.
Con: cost |
|
|
Term
| Automatic processor maintenance procedures |
|
Definition
1. Soln level check
2. Replenish rate check
3. Temp check
4. Roller operation check
5. Rinsing and wiping of all rollers racks
6. Regular cleaning of tanks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Actual number of xrays flowing towards an area per second.
Affected by mA and time (results as the product)
mA x time = mA
20 x 0.5 = 10mAs
100mA x 1/10 sec = 10mAs
200 mA x 1/20 sec = 10 mAs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Penetrating ablity of xray beam.
Affected by kVp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to density difference between two adjacent areas on a radiograph |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to the degree of blackness or darkness on a radiograph |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the cathode filament heats up and releases e-'s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Estimates amount of kVp necessary to radiograph a certain tissue.
2 x tissue thickness + 40 + grid factor = necessary kVp |
|
|
Term
| **Describe each component of Santes rule. When would we use Sante's rule? |
|
Definition
Sante's rule is used when we are creating body part technique charts
2 x tissue thickness + 40in + grid factor = necessary kVp
[Thickness of animal] [distance x-ray tube is from x-ray film |
|
|
Term
| Source-image distance (SID) |
|
Definition
Distance from the focal spot to the film.
Long SID = ideal
Short SID = more prenumba
Inversely related t the intensity of xrays (inverse square law) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Intensity of the radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the object from the source.
40" very common |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thicker and/or bigger body parts absorb more xrays. Will yield a lighter final radiograph
Affects radiographic density |
|
|
Term
| Tissue density from least dense to most dense |
|
Definition
1. Gas
2. Fat
3. Water
4. Bone
5. Metal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tissue that has higher ability to absorb or block xrays (metal and bone) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to describe tissue that does not block xrays, but lets it pass through (gas) |
|
|
Term
| Factors affecting contrast |
|
Definition
Visible density difference between two adjaent areas on a radio graph
1. Penetrating power (kVp)
2. Subject contrast
3. Film fog
4. Film type
5. Scatter radiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Different in xray absorption of one tissue compared to another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-image forming radiation that results from interaction of xrays with matter in the path of the primary beam |
|
|
Term
| How can we control scatter? |
|
Definition
1. Use proper kVp (dont penetrate more than needed)
2. Collimating
3. Using a grid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Describes relationship of height of the lead strips to the distance between them.
Height, thickness, number of lead strips determines grids efficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Artifact caused by misalighnment of the grid lines with the rway beams. Final image appears too light with underexposed areas of film appearing as distinct white lines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Mal-alignment of the xray tube and the grid
2. Tilting of the tube or grid itself
3. Grid being placed upside down
4. Grid is off focus with source. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Absorb xrays not traveling in a perpendicular path to the film and are found on most table-type xray machines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Have slightly angled lead strips and focus at the grid's center point that allows diverging peripheral xrays to pass through the grid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Have paralell lead strips when viewed in cross section. Requires smaller subject fields or longer distances between xray source and the grid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Device that allows the grid system to move across the xray beam. Filters scatter radiation and eliminates grid lines from appearing on the finished film. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Having adequate xray penetration of the patient while displaying suficient density and good contrast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Viewed better with LOW contrast
(shades of grey to view organs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Viewed better with HIGH contrast
(blacks and whites with bone being distinct) |
|
|
Term
| Things to keep in mind when evaluating diagnostic quality of a radiograph |
|
Definition
1a. Is the density adequate where the patient aint? Dide we use enough radiation?
1b. Is the image too light or too dark? (light = underexposed, dark = overexposed)
2. Is there proper penetration of the xray beam? |
|
|
Term
| If xray penetration is inadequate, what do you need to do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If xray penetration is adequate, what do you need to do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If film is not over penetrated, what should you do
(yes, the film is over-penetrated/too dark) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If the film is over penetrated, what should you do?
(Film is too dark) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Undesirable radiographic density or any unwanted defect.
May mask or mimick actual pathology. |
|
|
Term
| Common sources of artifacts |
|
Definition
Removing dirt, matted fur, foreign material
Wet coat (dry first)
Remove collars, harnesses, bandage material
If this happens consistently clean your cassettes |
|
|
Term
| Source of black crescent or lines |
|
Definition
1. Rough handling of film
2. Low humidity
3. Film surface was scratched
4. Fingerprint smudges |
|
|
Term
| Source of black area artifacts |
|
Definition
1. Light exposure
2. Felt damaage in the cassette |
|
|
Term
| Source of white area artifact |
|
Definition
1. Foreign material between film and screen
2. Chemical spill on screen
3. Contrast medium
4. White fingerprints on final film from oil or fixer during processing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to degree of sharpness of anatomic structures on a radiograph |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Image unsharpness due to voluntary or involuntary movement of the patient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss of detail due to penumbra effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Variation in the appearance of the normal size and shape of anatomic structures due to their position in relation to the xray source/film |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of geometric distortion |
|
Definition
1. Magnification
2. Foreshortening
3. Elongation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Distortion of an anatomic structure when its image appears larger than actual size due to increased distance from film |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Distortion of an anatomic structure when its image appears shorter than actual size due to not being parallel to the film |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Distortion of an anatomic structure when its image appears longer than actual size due to the xray beam not being perpendicular to the film |
|
|
Term
| How can we reduce patient motion? |
|
Definition
1. Aim for short exposure time
2. Aim to have a calm patient
3. Have spinning anode spun
4. Sedation |
|
|
Term
| What ways can a penumbra occur? |
|
Definition
1. Focal spot size
2. Source image distance
3. Object film distance |
|
|
Term
| How can geometric distortion occur? |
|
Definition
1. Magnification due to increased OFD
2. Foreshortening due to subject not paralelle to image receptor
3. Elongation due to xray tube not being parallel to subject |
|
|
Term
| Radiographic projection rules |
|
Definition
1. Primary beam enters and exits target tissue
2. Direction of entry comes first, direction of exit comes second. Ex: ventrodorsal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Always need 2
3 for metastatic check
Comparative studies |
|
|
Term
| Positioning guidelines for long bone studies |
|
Definition
| Include joints proximal and distal to the bone |
|
|
Term
| Positioning guidelines for joint studies |
|
Definition
| Centered over the joint and include 1/3 of the long bones proximal and distal to the joint |
|
|
Term
| Where should markers be placed? |
|
Definition
On lateral aspect of extremities for craniocaudal and caudocranial views
Near right lateral aspect of patient for ventraldorsal views
Dependent side of patient for lateral thorax/abdomen views
Label ventrodorsal and dorsoventral views to identify one side from another |
|
|
Term
| How should radiographs be displayed |
|
Definition
Lateral views facing viewers left (heart to heart)
Place patient head at top and patients right at viewers left |
|
|
Term
| Anatomical hints for V/D view |
|
Definition
Clues on the left side
-Gastric fundus
-Descending colon
-Spleen
-Apex of heart
Clues on the right side
Right kidney higher up than left kidney |
|
|
Term
| List 3 important considerations of proper automatic processor maintenance |
|
Definition
-Check level of solutions
-Check replenish rate
-Check temperature
-Check roller operation
-Rinse and wipe down all roller racks
-Clean tanks regularly |
|
|
Term
| A thicker patient density (St. Bernard) requires a |
|
Definition
1. Lower kVp setting (decreased penetration)
2. Higher kVp setting (increased penetration) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Positional technique in radiography that describes a pertinence to a 90 degree angle.
2 views taken |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phase in a patients respiratory cycle where abdominal radiographs should be taken |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phase in a patient's respiratory cycle where thoracic radiographs should be taken. |
|
|
Term
| What cranial landmark should you collimate to for a lateral abdominal view? |
|
Definition
| Xiphoid Process (caudal sternum) |
|
|
Term
| What caudal landmark should you collimate to for a lateral abdominal view? |
|
Definition
| Coxofemoral Joint (Greater trochanter of femur) |
|
|
Term
| What cranial landmark should you collimate to for a VD abdominal view? |
|
Definition
| Xiphoid Process (caudal sternum) |
|
|
Term
| What caudal landmark should you collimate to for a VD abdominal view? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What position should the patient be for taking orthorgonal comparison images? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What positional view is best for cardiac assessment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What positional view is best for pulmonary assessment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The standard views for thoracic radiograph |
|
Definition
Right lateral
Left lateral
Dorsal ventral |
|
|
Term
| The standard views for pelvic radiograph |
|
Definition
Right lateral
Left lateral
Ventral dorsal |
|
|
Term
| The standard views for abdominal radiograph |
|
Definition
Right lateral
Left lateral
Ventral dorsal |
|
|
Term
| The standard views for stifle/tib-fib radiographs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 standard views for carpus/tarsus/paw radiographs |
|
Definition
Lateral
craniocaudal
1 medial oblique
1 lateral oblique |
|
|
Term
| When radiographing an animal with an injured limb, orient the affected limb... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Standard views for an elbow, or radius/ulna |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When radiographing limbs for comparison studies in lateral recumbancy, the patients dependent limb should be extended ___________, and the non-dependent limb should be extended ___________: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Orthopedic Federation of Animals
Used to test intact breeding animal hips for breeding purposes. Done to determine if dog is suitable for breeding and determine risk of developing hip displasia
Not used to diagnose hip displasia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used to determine if animal will develop hip displasia
Used to assess hip "laxity" and "distraction index." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| https://o.quizlet.com/lqIyJfj5rOQgmFKS.FoQXQ_m.png |
|
|
Term
| Ultrasound images are produced via |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In ultrasonography, a longer wavelength produces |
|
Definition
More detail
Less penetration |
|
|
Term
| In ultrasonography, a shorter wavelength produces |
|
Definition
Less detail
More penetration |
|
|
Term
| Fluid appears in what color on the ultrasound? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ultrasound probe does what with soundwaves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On an ultrasound image, the tissues displayed near the top of the screen are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On an ultrasound image, the tissues displayed near the bottom of the screen are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Describes the rapid pulsation of electricity moving through the ultrasound transducer, causing the crystal to vibrate and produce mechanical energy/sound waves that penetrate tissues in the patient. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the piezoelectric crystal within the ultrasound transducer when electricity is applied to it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of sound signals is recieved by tThe ultrasound transducer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of sound signals is sent from the ultrasound transducer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can bone be seen on the ultrasound? |
|
Definition
| NO. Bone stops ultrasound waves. |
|
|
Term
| Can air be seen on the ultrasound? |
|
Definition
| No. Ultrasound waves will not move through air |
|
|
Term
| In regard to ultrasonography, the more density difference between two adjacent structures, the _________ will be the echo reflection between them: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
What abnormality is seen in this thorax x-ray of a cat? |
|
Definition
| Pulmonary Edema (diffuse whiteness seen in lung fields) |
|
|
Term
| [image] What abnormality is seen in this thorax x-ray of a dog? |
|
Definition
| Pneumonia (condensation of splotchy white patches seen in lung fields) |
|
|
Term
[image]
What abnormality is seen in this thorax x-ray of a cat? |
|
Definition
| Pleural Effusion (fairly uniform whiteness seen in lung field) |
|
|
Term
| [image] What abnormality is seen in this thorax x-ray of a dog? |
|
Definition
| Pneumothorax (hallmark finding of floating heart) |
|
|
Term
[image]
What abnormality is seen in this thorax x-ray of a cat? |
|
Definition
| Pneumothorax (hallmark finding of floating heart) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disease process in which the myocardium becomes thinned, resulting in dilation of the cardiac chambers, thus reducing cardiac function. |
|
|
Term
[image]
A "globoid" heart is commonly seen in x-rays of animals with what cardiac disease? |
|
Definition
| Dilative Cardiomypathy (DCM) |
|
|
Term
[image]
A "valentine" shaped heart is commonly seen in x-rays of animals with what cardiac disease? |
|
Definition
| Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy |
|
|
Term
[image]
What cardiac abnormality is seen in this thorax x-ray? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
What abnormality is seen in this thorax x-ray of a cat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
What abnormality is seen in this barium study? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
The following image shows: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
\ What pulmonary disorder is characterized by edematous airways and "donuts" on a radiograph? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 basic categories of contrast agents? |
|
Definition
| 1. Negative contrast gas (can cause air embolism) 2. Positive contrast I agents 3. Positive contast Barium sulfate |
|
|
Term
| Why is barium sulfate not used for cystography contrast? |
|
Definition
| If bladder is ruptured, barium sulfate will leak into abdomen |
|
|
Term
| Should animals? be sedated for upper gastrointestinal (UGI) studies |
|
Definition
| No, may be able to use ace. No opioids |
|
|
Term
| If a perforation of the GI tract is suspected, which of the following contrast materials should be used to ensure safe absorption by the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What contast agents are preferred for esophagography |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastrography studies require periodic radiographs as the material moves through the GI tract in what time durations? |
|
Definition
| 15,30,60,90,180 post administration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Barium contrast media that come in large (5mm diameter) and small (1.5mm diameter) spheres.
Used to detect obstructions in the GI tract (large)
Gastric emptying times/transit times of food (small). |
|
|
Term
| Negative-contrast agents (O2 or CO2) are: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Positive-contrast agents (Barium or Iodine) are: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two main forms of iodine preparations for contrast studies? |
|
Definition
| HOCA (High Osmolar Contrast Agents) and LOCA (Low Osmolar Contrast Agents) |
|
|
Term
| The higher the atomic number of the contrast agent, the more _______________ it will appear on a radiograph: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What settings and technique can be used for radiographing avians? |
|
Definition
| A feline abdomen technique, mAs should be decreased by 50% |
|
|
Term
| Does it matter when you take the radiograph on an avian chest xray? |
|
Definition
| No. Can be upon inhalation or exhalation |
|
|
Term
| What can be used to keep the bird on the cassette/table without restraining it? |
|
Definition
| Scotch tape, masking tape, autoclave tape |
|
|
Term
| How can a turtle be restrained for a DV radiographs? |
|
Definition
By placing it on a roll of tape.
Dont place in VD! Hard for turtle to breathe |
|
|
Term
| What geometric artifact will commonly result in a DV radiograph of a turtle that is raised off of the table? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reptiles commonly become _____ _______, which is a common indication for abdominal radiographs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most commonly used mode on an ultrasound machine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ultrasound mode is only used by cardiologists? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ultrasound mode is used to image blood flow and other liquids, and can also measure velocities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On ulrasound, a structure that produces echoes is known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On ulrasound, a structure that produces few, or no echoes is known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On ulrasound, a structure that produces more echoes than adjacent structures is known as |
|
Definition
| Hyperechoic. Bright in appearance |
|
|
Term
| On ulrasound, a structure that produces fewer echoes than adjacent structures is known as |
|
Definition
| Hypoechoic. Dark in appearance |
|
|
Term
| On ulrasound, a structure that produces similar echoginicity to adjacent structures is known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When taking a lateral skull radiograph, what anatomical feature will you line up to determine if the skull is straight or not? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What utilizes ionizing radiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As Low As Relatively Achievable (use lowest exposures as possible for patient safety) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The thickness of a section taken during a CT scan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| on a CT scan, how is the density of a structure measured? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A bright structure on a CT scan is referred to as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A dark structure on a CT scan is referred to as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A bright structure on an MRI scan is referred to as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a A dark structure on an MRI scan is referred to as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In relation to ultrasonography, what does TGC stand for |
|
Definition
| Time Gain Compensation (amplifies the waves returned by distant structures to prevent loss of detail) |
|
|
Term
| Would a high or low frame rate be used to image the heart with an ultrasound machine? |
|
Definition
| High frame rate (better visualization of valve function) |
|
|
Term
| Would a high or low frame rate be used to image the abdomen with an ultrasound machine? |
|
Definition
|
|
