Term
| Stages of anethestic management |
|
Definition
1. Pre-anethestic
2. Induction
3. Maintenance
4. Recovery
5. Post-procedural pain management |
|
|
Term
| Preanesthetic examination |
|
Definition
Establish routine exam, do physical exam
Gather data, history, signalment
Lab tests
Be wary of drop-offs/non owners |
|
|
Term
| Vet tech role in Pa period |
|
Definition
Help w/hx, pe, diagnostic testing
Patient care
Prepare equipment/supplies/machine
Administer PA drugs
Monitor patients
Scheduling of order (what is going to be done?) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Species
2. Age
3. Breed
4. Sex
5. Weight
6. Reproductive status |
|
|
Term
| What opioid is NOT used in cats? |
|
Definition
Morphine
Cats unable to tolerate. Have adverse rxn. Makes them hyper-feeling. |
|
|
Term
| 4 dog Breed considerations for anesthesia |
|
Definition
1. Brachycephalic breeds: Pugs, boxers, bulldogs, persians. Difficulty breathing
2. Sighthounds: Prolonged recovery with barbituates. Lower dosages, temp control
3. Doberman (Von wilebrands), unable to clot
4. Collies (Lack ATP pump to protect blood brain barrier from drugs) CNS affects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Involve the airways. Can contribute to upper airway obstruction
-Stenatic nares
-Elongation of soft palate
-Inverted laryngeal folds
-Hypoplasia (underdeveloped) trachea |
|
|
Term
| What effects does estrogen have on blood? |
|
Definition
| Decreases clotting cascade ability |
|
|
Term
| How should you dose an animal according to weight? |
|
Definition
Fat: Dose for lean body weight
Skinny: Correct nutritional problem before procedure.
Dose for ideal body weight! |
|
|
Term
| What does acepromazine do in stallions? |
|
Definition
| Penile Prolapse. Dont do in breeding stallions. |
|
|
Term
| #1 Complication in small animal surgery |
|
Definition
Hypothermia. Patients getting too cold
Small dogs/animals: body:mass ratio. Lose heat more readily. Prone to hypoglycemia. |
|
|
Term
| Smaller animals are prone to |
|
Definition
1. Hypothermia
2. Hypoglycemia
3. Hypoxia |
|
|
Term
| 2 main drugs that can cause allergic reactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Previous illnesses/surgeries
2. Existing disease/condition
3. Stage of heat
4. Pregnancy/previous pregnancy
5. Previous blood transfusions
6. Drug allergies, rxns, side effects
7. Exposure to drugs, current medications
8. Vaccine history
9. Recent feeding, water consumption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Great practice builder, do in front of clients, describe what you are doing, what is normal/abnormal.
-System analysis or from head-tail
-Thorough respiratory, CV, renal, hepatic system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
PCV, TP, BUN, Glucose, etc
CBC, Chem, UA
test varies by patient need, practice procedures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. ECG
2. Radiogrpahs
3. Ultrasound
4. Clotting profiles (doberman) |
|
|
Term
| What kinds of problems should be corrected prior to anesthesia? |
|
Definition
1. Dehydration
2. Acidosis
3. Electrolyte imbalance
4. Anemia/blood loss
5. Infection
6. Paratisism
7. Malnutrition
8. Renal, hepatic, CV dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| Why do we check TP (total protein) prior to sedation/anesthesia? |
|
Definition
Check hydration status
Reflects liver function
Loss/gain of proteins |
|
|
Term
| What protein are we even measuring? |
|
Definition
| Albumin (produced by liver) |
|
|
Term
| What can cause it (Albumin) to be lower or higher than normal? |
|
Definition
Renal disease (glomerular disease)
Disease of the intestine (leakage) gastroenteropathy
Malnutrition
High: Dehydration. Look at PCV
Low: Indicator of liver/renal disease |
|
|
Term
| Serum albumin and the colloidal oncotic pressure of blood |
|
Definition
Water follows solute, rises on one side of the tube.
Water enters vessels to maintain blood pressure. Little levels of protein make it difficult to maintain osmotic pressure. |
|
|
Term
| 2 states that drugs exist in blood |
|
Definition
1. Free : desired pharmacological affect
2. Protein-bound: Inert pharmacological effect (doesnt work)
Albumin main protein for binding drugs! Some classes of drugs are protein-bound. Becareful! |
|
|
Term
| Why do we withdraw food and how long? |
|
Definition
Time: 8-12 hrs
GI: 24-36
Prevent aspiration pneumonia, regurgitation |
|
|
Term
| Why do we withdraw water and how long? |
|
Definition
Up to 4 hrs. 8 hrs for GI. Kidney/geriatic: None
Can give IV fluids (dont over hydrate in cats 1/2 amt given)
Prevent aspiration pneumonia, regurgitation |
|
|
Term
| What do anesthesia drugs suppress? |
|
Definition
Cardiopulmonary system
-Bradycardia
- Decrease RR
- Hypotension
- Hypothermia |
|
|
Term
| Common vital signs examined |
|
Definition
1. Mentation
2. HR + rhythm
3. RR, rhythm, depth
4. Arterial pulse
5. Body temp
6. MM color
7. CRT
8. Pupil size, response to light
9. Intraocular pressure
10. Blood pressure
11. O2 saturation of blood
12. End tidal CO2
13. Blood loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DOGS only. faster "lub dub" with faster respiration. Normal.
Closure of the valves in the heart. Unusual sounds: lub "woosh" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mean arterial pressure.
70mmHg or above |
|
|
Term
| When MAP falls to 60 mmHg |
|
Definition
Decreased organ perfusion in kidneys, liver, brain. BAD
Ajdust anaesthetic depth, ventilate patients
Decrease amt of anesthetic gas
Increase fluid rate |
|
|
Term
| HR + Rhythm bpm in dogs/cats |
|
Definition
Dogs: 60-180 bpm
Cats: 110-220 bpm |
|
|
Term
| What should we expect in HR when patients are under gen. anesthesia? What drugs are the exemptions? |
|
Definition
10% HR drop occurs due to CV depressant effects of drugs.
Exception: Ketamina, tiletamine, atropine, glycopyrolate
Initially slow rate may not change
HR may increase during exciatory stage, can avoid with smooth induction. |
|
|
Term
| Ranges of bradycardia in the dog and cat |
|
Definition
Dog: <60 bpm (varies by size, bigger = lower)
Cat: <100 bpm or when too fast to count
Brady = slow
Tachy = fast
Changes in rhythm may be a sign of impending Cardiac arrest even with normal anesthetic doses. |
|
|
Term
| What drugs can predipose the heart to arrhythmias? |
|
Definition
Halothane (OUTDATED)
Medetomadine (Dextomador)
Xylazine (dogs + lg animals) |
|
|
Term
| What happens when there is a gradual increase in end-tidal CO2? |
|
Definition
| < 44 mmHg = can't burn off CO2 fast enough. Metabolic acidosis from poor ventilation. Shallow breathing (hypoventilation). Bad for enzymes, protein denaturation. Decreased pH |
|
|
Term
| Monitoring techniques for HR and rhythm |
|
Definition
a. Stethoscope
b. Esophageal stethoscope
c. ECG
d. Palpation of chest wall for movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A heart beat without associated pulse. Occurs when cardiac output no sufficient to produce a palpable pulse. Indicates failing heart. BAD
Want to feel pulse after "lub dub" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dog: 10-30 br/min
Cat: 25-40 cat
May drecrease with GA (8-20 br/min) |
|
|
Term
| What does it meant when MAP is below 44 mmHG? |
|
Definition
| Animal is ventilating enough. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mechanical process of moving air in and out (inhalation and exhalation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Same as ventilation, with addition of binding O to hemoglobin, release to tissues, uptake of CO2 by blood that will be returned to lungs. |
|
|
Term
| Tidal volume (Vt)/ Depth of respiration |
|
Definition
| Normal volume on air inspirated. Depth of respiration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Min Volume of respiration (mL) |
|
Definition
| Vt x RR = Ve = Min. Volume of resp. (mL) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Temporal relationship between inspirations and exhalations
Inspiration: 1-1.5 sec
Expiation: 2-3 sec |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Breath holding"
Inspiration, long pause, expiration. May be observed with ketamine |
|
|
Term
| What does Ga's and PA's do to the respiratory rhythm/breathing pattern? |
|
Definition
Reduces mL of air taken in/out
Reduces breaths to 10-15 br/min
Reduces intercostal muscle ability to expand thorax
Causes Decreased minute volume aka hypoventilation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Partially collasped aveoli. Can be prevented by "bagging" |
|
|
Term
| What phase of anesthesia can increase RR and/or breath holding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pulses are the result of blood pressure, which is the force exerted by a volume of flowing blood on arterial walls. Should be strong and synced with heartbeat |
|
|
Term
| A weak pulse may indicate what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should always be equal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which places can you palpate an arterial pulse? |
|
Definition
1. Femoral artery (inner thigh)
2. Carotid artery (Neck)
3. Lingual artery (Under tongue)
4. Dorsal pedal artery ("ankle in dogs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Excessive anesth. depth
2. Excessive vasodilation
3. Cardiac insuff. from prior heart diease
4. Hypovolemia (dehydration, blood loss)
Watch for low blood pressyre |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When should you take temperatures? |
|
Definition
| Before drugs, during and after surgery |
|
|
Term
| What should you do if temps fall below 97? |
|
Definition
| Warm up animal, fleece, heated cage, warm bottles, warm IV fluids, baer-hugger etc. |
|
|
Term
| Normal temp range for dogs and cats |
|
Definition
Dogs: 99.5-102.5
Cats: 100.0-102.5 |
|
|
Term
| All tranquilizers, narcotics and Ga's do what to body temp? |
|
Definition
| Decrease it (hypothermia) |
|
|
Term
| What effects does hypothermia have on the body? |
|
Definition
Slows rate of liver metabolism, slows down effect of drugs, prolongs recovery.
Cardiac instability, shivering. Can also mess with enzyme and pH configuration
Can result in delayed, rough recovery |
|
|
Term
| Areas where you can observe mucus membrane color |
|
Definition
Gingiva
Conjuctiva
Tongue
Lip and cheek
Prepuce/penis
Vulva
Inner margin of rectum
Surgical incision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blood loss
Anemia
Poor perfusion (prolonged anesthesia)
Hypothermia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
There is upper airway obstruction or resp. failure during anesthesia
Stagnant blood flow
Decrease O2 in blood/tissues |
|
|
Term
| Capillary refill time (CRT) |
|
Definition
Rate of return color to a MM after application of gentle digital pressure. Reflects perfusion of peripheral tissues
Normal: 1-2 sec
Prolonged: > 2 sec |
|
|
Term
| Normal Systolic and Diastolic BP |
|
Definition
Systolic: 100-180 mmHg
Diastolic: 70-90 mmHg
Hypotension: S > 150; D > 95
Anything going below 70 should be watched carefully. |
|
|
Term
| How do you calculate MAP? |
|
Definition
| [(systolic-diastolic)/3) + diastolic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Vasoconstriction/epinephrine release
2. Decrease in blood pressure due to drugs
3. Hypothermia
4. Heart failure
5. Excessive anesthesia depth
6. Shock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contraction of the pupil on exposure of the retina to light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small pupil. Constricts as a normal response to light. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Big pupil. Dilates as a normal response to darkness. |
|
|
Term
| Direct vs indirect (consensual response) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the pupillary light reflex important for indicators of vital CNS function? |
|
Definition
1st area to receive damage due to hypoxia/decreased circulation.
Diminishes before cardiac arrest. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dilated pupils with no sign of PLR.
Atropine may cause Mydriasis in dogs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pressure within globe of eyeball. Decreases HR due to vagus nerve stimulation. Use caution with bradycardia or cardiac patients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is are primary goal for patients under anesthesia? |
|
Definition
| Want them at Stage 3/Plane 2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Palpebral reflex
2. Corneal reflex
3. Oral-pharyngeal reflex
4. Laryngeal reflex
5. Ear pinna reflex
6. Pedal reflex (toe pinch)
7. Patellar reflex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lightly tap medial or lateral canthus of eye. Response should be a blink. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Touch cornea with sterile object. Response should be a blink or withdraw of eye into the orbital fossa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Try to open/place object in the mouth, while touching pharyngeal region.
Normal response should be for patient to close mouth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Touch the larynx.
Normal response is immediate closure of the epiglottis and arychnoid cartilage.
Easily dilated in cats, use laryngeal scope. Can have laryngeal spasms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lightly touch along inner surface of pinna. Normal response is a twitch of the ear. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Extend rear limb while simultaneously pinching middle toe.
Normal response should be withdrawing of the limb as a response to deep pain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Striking the straight patellar tendon lightly with percussion hammer.
Normal response is reflexive extrension of the stifle.
Reflex occurs under anesthesia due to spinal reflex arc. |
|
|
Term
| Which drug prevents one from testing reflexes? |
|
Definition
Ketamine
Immobilizes the limbs |
|
|
Term
| What are some considerations related to procedure? |
|
Definition
1. What kind of procedure is being performed? (surgical vs diagnostic exam)
2. How long is the procedure?
3. Will the procedure result in any anesthetic complications? Ex: thoracic surgery, blood loss from tumor removal
4. Will the positioning of the patient interfere with normal resp or Cardiovascular status?
5. If applicable, what kind of general anesthetic, tranquillizer, or narcotic will be used? (Heart/ECC patients dont use drugs that drop blood pressure!)
6. Can we use a local anesthestic vs general anesthesia?
7. Pain prediction (esp. in the eye, orthropedics) |
|
|
Term
| Things to consider when a patient is in dorsal recumbancy |
|
Definition
1. Pressure on aorta?
2. Partially open airway?
3. Does the patient have a heard time breathing? |
|
|
Term
| What positions are safer than dorsal recombancy? |
|
Definition
1. Lateral recombancy
2. Sternal recombancy |
|
|
Term
| Why is it important to consider the age and status of the animal? |
|
Definition
| To determine metabolic rate of the patient and to accurately dose them |
|
|
Term
| An animal with a relatively large body mass and low metabolic rate comes in. How will you dose them? |
|
Definition
| Dose with less anesthetic drug |
|
|
Term
| A fat animal comes in. How will you dose them? |
|
Definition
| Dose with less anesthetic drug. Consider patients ideal weight when calculating |
|
|
Term
| An animal with very small amounts of body fat comes in. How will you dose them? |
|
Definition
| Dose with less anesthetic drug. More susceptible to barbiturate anesthetics |
|
|
Term
| A newborn/neonate animal comes in. How will you dose them? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An elderly animal comes in. How will you dose them? |
|
Definition
Dose with less drug.
Have decreased hepatic enzyme detox. system |
|
|
Term
| Why should Barbituates not be used in patients less than 3 months of age? |
|
Definition
| Due to immature liver function. |
|
|
Term
| What other conditions that patients may cause them to have a decreased dosage? |
|
Definition
| Patients with active illness/disease, trauma, shock, dehydration, anorexia, emaciation, paratisism |
|
|
Term
| Who has a slower metabolic rate? Males or females? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Less drug protein-bound so more drug gets to site of action. Check PCV/Tp |
|
|
Term
| Factors that cause patients to require higher dosages of drugs |
|
Definition
1. Excited/scared animals
2. Animals at puberty
May metabolize drug more rapidly and require subsequent doses |
|
|
Term
| Why do brachycephalic animals have a difficulty breathing under GA? |
|
Definition
| Due to short nasal passages, long soft palates, hypoplastic tracheas |
|
|
Term
| Why do brachycephalic animals require anticholinergic PA drugs? |
|
Definition
| To reduce salivary and tracheal secretions. Intubate and always delay extubation as long as possible |
|
|
Term
| Classification of patient physical status |
|
Definition
Class I: Min. risk
Class II: Slight risk
Class III: Mod risk
Class IV: Hi-risk
Class V: Extre. risk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Normal healthy patient, no underlying disease.
Ex: Orchiectomy, survey hip radiographs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Patients with slight to mild systemic disease or if they are old, young, fat.
Ex: uncomplicated hernia, local infection, skin/SQ mass removal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Patients with moderate systemic disease or disturbance. Mild clinical signs present.
Ex: Anemia, mod. dehydration, low grade heart/kidney disease, mod. fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pre-existing systemic disease or disturbance of severe nature. Severe clinical signs evident.
Ex: severe dehydration, emciation, shock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Patients with life-threatening disease. Surgery needs to be done asap or patient is going to die.
Ex: Severe trauma, advance cases of heart/organ disease |
|
|
Term
| Stages of anesthetic management |
|
Definition
1. Pre-anesthesia
2. Induction
3. Maintenance
4. Recovery
5. Post-op pain management |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Drug that is administered within one hour of general or local anesthesia.
Ex: Pre-med, PA, pre-op |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Involves administration of low does of several PA and GA drugs in combination to achieve save and satisfactory anesthesia
-Multiple drugs
-Lower dose
-Multiple effects
-Safety |
|
|
Term
| Most commonly used PA-drugs |
|
Definition
1. Acepromazine (lightest)
2. Atropine
3. Glycopyrrolate
4. Diazapam
5. Opioids
Administered via SQ or IM routes |
|
|
Term
| How much time should you allow PA to go into effect? |
|
Definition
15-20 minutes
Dont disturb patient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. To calm and sedate excited/scared/vicious patients
2. Provide analgesia
3. To provide muscle relaxion
4. To decrease salivary secretions
5. To eliminate or reduce excitatory phase for a smoother recovery
6. To minimized vagal-mediated reflexes (bradycardia, laryngospasm, excess salivation)
7. Decrease amt of drug used, overall smoother procedure. |
|
|
Term
| All PA drugs are CNS depressants except for? |
|
Definition
| Anti-cholinergics (Adjunct!) |
|
|
Term
| When do we reduce dosages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does atropine interfere with? |
|
Definition
Interpretation of pupil size.
Can be fatal if excessive amts given. |
|
|
Term
| What are some side affects of anticholinergic drugs? |
|
Definition
| 1. Paralysis of ciliated epithelial cells in trachea and bronchl, cause mucus buildup, may interfere with ability to clear secretions |
|
|
Term
| What do anticholinergic drugs do? |
|
Definition
Protect heart from bradycardia and decrease salivary secretions.
They are an adjunct, meaning no anesthesia effect.
Can be sympathomimetric or parasympatholytic.
Work by blocking ACH at target organs at terminals and parasympathetic nervous system. Primary nerve transmitter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Type of anticholinergic drug that increases HR, flight/fight
mimic sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of anticholinergic drug that inhibits vagus nerve. Inhibits vegetative response |
|
|
Term
| Advantages of anticholinergics |
|
Definition
1. Stabilize HR. Protection from bradycardia
2. Decrease secretions
3. Antiemetic effect (minimal)
4. Decreased GI motility (minimal) |
|
|
Term
| Disadvantages of anticholinergic drugs |
|
Definition
1. Thick mucus production possible (atropine in cats)
2. Increase anatomical dead space caused by dilation of bronchial airways.
3. Decreased tear production (keratinitis)
4. May cause colic in horses
5. Mydriasis (dogs more than cats) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. CNS excitability or drowsiness
2. Delirium
3. Coma
4. Death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Generic name: Atropine
When appropriate to use: Emergency use for bradycardia, IV,IM SQ. Organophosphate poisoning. Premed
Drug class: Belladonna alkaloid
Mech of action: Block ACH at muscaremic receptor terminal ends of PNS. Block stimulation of vagus nerve by other drugs.
Desired effect: Decrease salivation and protection from bradycardia. Antidote for organophosphate poisoning. Premed
Reversible? YES
Controlled substance? NO
Analgesic? NO
Dont use in sheep/goats due to seizures. No effect on rabbits. Dangerous in animals with cardiac disease. Small and Lg animal injectable types |
|
|
Term
| Glycopyrrolate (Robinu-V) |
|
Definition
Generic name: Glycopyrrolate
When appropriate to use: Emergency use for bradycardia, IV,IM SQ. Organophosphate poisoning. Premed. Longer lasting.
Drug class: Synthetic derivative of Atropine
Mech of action: Block ACH at muscaremic receptor terminal ends of PNS. Block stimulation of vagus nerve by other drugs.
Desired effect: Decrease salivation and protection from bradycardia. Antidote for organophosphate poisoning. Premed
Reversible? YES
Controlled substance? NO
Analgesic? NO
Dont use in sheep/goats due to seizures. No effect on rabbits. Dangerous in animals with cardiac disease. Small and Lg animal injectable types. Prefered but costs $ |
|
|
Term
| What can lead to airway obstruction? |
|
Definition
Use of ketamine and thiobarbituates. Increase respiratory secretion
Intubation increase airway mucus production in cats. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. What does it measure?
2. How does it measure it?
3. What is normal/abnormal?
4. What to do if abnormal?
5. Set-up/troubleshooting actual equipment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Measures level of oxygen in the blood to help assess tissue perfusion and pulse rate. SaO2 and PaO2
Measures by shining infared light through RBC's and measuring the amt that fully penetrates them. Red light measures pulse
Normal: SaO2 95% Abrnomal: SaO2 below 90%
Normal: PaO2: Above 80% Abnormal: PaO2 below 60%
Make sure unit is charged. Watch for lingual sensor slipping, readings are above 95% on 100% O2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Lingual sensor: tongue, anywhere with no hair)
2. Universal C clamp: For hocks/feet
3. Reflective probe: For rectal yse
Come in large and small versions |
|
|
Term
| Abbreviations you need to know |
|
Definition
1. AAP: Academy of Pediatrics
2. SaO2: Hemoglobin saturation
3. NIBP: Non-invasive blood pressure monitoring
4. ETCO2: End-tidal CO2
5. ECG: Electro-cardio-gram
6. PaO2: O2 tension in plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Measures level of CO2 exhaled + ventilation. (EtO2)
2. Main-stream: attached between ET tube and Ane. machine breathing circuit. Breathing pattern
Side-stream: Attached between ET tube and breathing circuit. Draws sample of exhaled breath
3. What is normal/abnormal?
Normal: EtO2: 35-45 mmHg
Abnormal: EtO2 < 35 mmHg, PaCO2 < 20 mmHg or < 60 mmHg
4. Hyperventilation: Ease rate of pos. pressure ventilation, increase anes. depth, analgesia, treat hypoxia
Hypoventilation: Increase ventilation
5.Wave pattern follows ventilation pattern, slightly out of sync ok. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| EtO2 displayed as a numeric value |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Incline: CO2 level in exhaled portion of breath
Plateau @ peak: indicates EtO2
Decline: CO2 level in inhaled potion of breath |
|
|
Term
| Hyperventilation/hypocarbia |
|
Definition
Levels below 33 mmHg. Severe respiratory alkalosis. Patient too light in anesthesia.
Occurs when
1. Overzealous positive pressure ventilation (bagging)
2. Increased respiratory rate
3. Too light of a plane of anesthesia
4. Pain
5. Hypoxia |
|
|
Term
| Hypoventilation/hypercarbia |
|
Definition
Levels above 45 mmHg. Severe respiratory acidosis. Too deep in anesthesia. Indicates some or all exhaled gases are being re-breathed.
Occurs when:
1. Decreased respiratory rate
2. Deceased respiratory min. volume
3. Exhausted soda lime
4. Deadspace rebreathing
5. Malfunction of unidirectional valve
6. Kinked ET tube
7. Airway obstruction |
|
|
Term
| Doppler blood pressure monitor (indirect) |
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Definition
1. Measures quality of pulse and systolic blood pressure, reflects cardiac function and organ perfusion
2. How does it measure it?
By placing housing crystal against clipped skin over arteries. Blood pressure obtained via inflatable cuff + sphygmomamometer.
Normal: 70-80 mmHg
Abnormal: Above 80 mmHg or below 70 mmHg
Decrease anes. depth. Increase rate of delivery of V fluids, drugs to increase blood pressure
5. Make sure crystal housing is concave side against skin, right sized cuff ( width @ 40% circumference of limb), placed correctly. Avoid using alcohol/disinfectant |
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Term
| What kind of patient requires indirect blood pressure monitoring? |
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Definition
| Cats with hyperthyroidism or chronic renal failure. Any animal prone to hyprtyrnyion |
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Term
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Definition
Use of catheter placed into artery with a transducer.
Takes Systolic, Diastolic pressure, mean arterial pressure, waveform indicating pulses |
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Term
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Definition
Idicates electrical activity of the heart and ID's trends in HR. Doesnt guarantee there is cardiac output/heart is beating.
Use of Lead clip arrangement with application of alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| Represents atrial depolarization (leadng to atrial contraction) |
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Term
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Definition
| Represents ventricular depolarization (leading to ventricular contraction) |
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Term
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Definition
| Represents ventricular repolarization |
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Term
| What happens when the heart depolarizes? |
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Definition
Sychronous contraction of atria and venticles.
Sinoatrial (SA) node --> Atrioventricular (AV) node --> Bundle of His --> Purkinje fibers |
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