Term
| Who discovered x-rays in November 1895 |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Form of electromagnetic radiation of a short wavelength that transmits energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| Travel in a straight line and we can control them |
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|
Term
| Short wavelength means what? |
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Definition
| Higher frequency and can penetrate farther |
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Term
| Long wavelength means what? |
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Definition
| Less frequency and poor penetration |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affects the intesity of the x-ray beam and is the measure of quantity of x-rays produced |
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Term
|
Definition
| The quantity of electrons depends upon the heat of the filament |
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Term
|
Definition
| dental and small portable units; can NOT handle large amounts of heat |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common in clinics and hospitals; can take high heat x-rays repeatedly w/o overheating; b/c it moves; will still keep the one focal spot less chance of pitting; |
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Term
|
Definition
| the small area where electrons collide; are very tiny and are responsible for creating the sharpness of the radiograph |
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Term
|
Definition
| The size of the area on the anode target that is exposed to electrons from the tube current |
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Term
|
Definition
| The focal spot size as measured directly under the anode target |
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Term
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Definition
| variation in the intensity of the x-ray beam; the intensity is greater towards the cathode side. |
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Term
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Definition
| due to the tunsten filament evaporation radiographs that look white/clear even after being developed. Prevention by turning off machine when not in use. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Rotating anode with preexposure technique can overheat the bearings; damage to the target which leads to differences in shades of black on the radiograph |
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Term
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Definition
| can occur when either metal depostis form on the inner lining which then attract the electrons and cause arching; reving up the engine |
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Term
| Low voltage (filament) circut is what? |
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Definition
| the amount of heat here will decide how many electrons are excited; b/c we are using tungsten it doesn't need excessive amounts of heat/energy |
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|
Term
| Step-down transformer is what? |
|
Definition
| descreased the incoming power (voltage) and is connected to the mA switch |
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Term
|
Definition
| increases the incoming power (voltage) |
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Term
|
Definition
| controls kVp potential and is connected to kVp switch |
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Term
|
Definition
| controls the length of exposure. |
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|
Term
| control panel or console contains what? |
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Definition
| the timer, the kVp & mA switch, exposure button, warning light |
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Term
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Definition
| keeps the primary voltage constant |
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Term
| Maximum Permissible Dose (MPD) is what? |
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Definition
| maximum does that a patient may revieve in a given time period |
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|
Term
| National Committee on Radiation Protection (NCRP) is what? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| as low as reasonably achievable |
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|
Term
| Dosimeter Badges are what? |
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Definition
| measure your exposure in Sieverts (Sv). You may safely recieve up to 0.05 Sv per year. |
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Term
|
Definition
| is the difference in energy potential between the cathode and anode |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| determines the quality of the x-ray beam and its ability to penetrate the tissue |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the period during which the x-rays are permitted to leave the x-ray tube |
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|
Term
| How do you get mA to mAs? |
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Definition
| mA X time (in seconds) = mAs |
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Term
|
Definition
| (2 X the thickness) + 40 = kVp |
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|
Term
| Source-image distance (SID) is what? |
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Definition
| the distance between the source of the x-rays and the film |
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Term
|
Definition
| The degree of darkness/blackness on a x-ray. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the density difference between 2 adjacent areas on a radiograph |
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|
Term
| Radiographic contrast means what? |
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Definition
| the mechanical variables available to enhance contrast |
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|
Term
| Subject contrast means what? |
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Definition
| is the difference in the patient's body thickness |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| to absorb scatter radiation and increase the quality of the x-ray image |
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Term
|
Definition
| usually due to the movement of the animal, so breathing with the animal prevents this |
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|
Term
| What is distortion or magnification? |
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Definition
| prevented by making sure to keep the object to be x-rayed closest to the film |
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|
Term
| Intensifying screens are what? |
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Definition
| Primary purpose is to reduce the amount of radiation exposure required to produce a diagnostic radiograph |
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|
Term
| What are the 4 layers of the screen? |
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Definition
| the Base, Reflective layer, Phosphor layer, & the Protective coat |
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|
Term
| What is the base consist of in layers of the film? |
|
Definition
| the flexible support with adhesive to hold the emulsion |
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|
Term
| What is the emulsion layer consist of in the film? |
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Definition
| silver halide crystals - they absorb the "glow" from the phosphorus crystals on the intensifying screen |
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|
Term
| What does the supercoat layer do in the film? |
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Definition
| it protects the emulsion layer` |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| requires less exposure to produce quality x-rays, b/c it is sensitive to the fluorescemt light |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| requires greater exposure; lots of detail; no strong protective layer |
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|
Term
| What the 4 things you must consider when caring for x-ray film? |
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Definition
| store upright; constant temp at 50-59 degrees F & 40-60% humidity; away from hazardous chemicals; NEVER OPEN THE FILM BOX IN A LIGHTED ROOM |
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|
Term
| What makes a good darkroom? |
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Definition
| clean, organized, and lightproof |
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Term
| What are the 2 parts to a good darkroom? |
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Definition
| A dry side and a wet side |
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Term
| What is one thing a developer converts? |
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Definition
| A latent image to a visible image. |
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|
Term
| What is another thing that a developer converts? |
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Definition
| Exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver. |
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Term
| A developer consists of what? |
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Definition
| Developing agents; Accelerators; Preservatives; Restrainers; Hardeners; Solvent |
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|
Term
| What are the steps to film processing? |
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Definition
| Development; Rinsing or stop bath; Fixer; Washing; Drying |
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|
Term
| A fixer consists of what? |
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Definition
| Clearing/fixing agents; Preservative; Hardener; Acidfiers; Buffers; Solvent |
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|
Term
| What are the steps to manual processing? |
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Definition
| Prep; Unload cassette; Load film on hanger; Develop film; Rinse film; Fix; Wash; Dry |
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Term
| What are the step to automatic processing? |
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Definition
| Fixer; Developer; Rinse; Drying |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Solution level checks; Replenishment rate check; Temp. check; Roller operation check; Rinse and wipe rollers; Clean tanks |
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|
Term
| What are the 3 ways silver can be recovered? |
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Definition
| Metallic Replacement; Electrolyte Recovery; Chemical Precipitation |
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|
Term
| What consists on a film id? |
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Definition
| Name/address of the clinic/vet; Date of when radiograph was taken; Name of patient and owner; age; sex; breed |
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|
Term
| What goes on a radiograph envelope? |
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Definition
| Patient's name; Owner's last name; Patient ID#; Doctor's name; name and date of each study |
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Term
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Definition
| Determined by contrast of bone tissue to surrounding soft tissue. |
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|
Term
| What happens if bone tissue is relatively white compared to surrounding tissue? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| When evaluating your test x-ray, and it's too light. What do you do? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| When evaluating your test x-ray, and it's too dark? What do you do? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the formula to create a technique chart? |
|
Definition
| kVp = (2 X the thickness) + 40 + grid factor (usually 8) |
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|
Term
| Quality assurance is what? |
|
Definition
| The planned & systematic activities implemented in a quality system so that quality requirements for a product or service will be fulfilled. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The observation techniques & activities used to fulfill requirements for quality. |
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Term
| What does quality assurance and quality control do in veterinary life? |
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Definition
| Minimizes the dose of radiation to staff and patients; Allows for great radiographs; Decreases the # of retakes |
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|
Term
| What is the distance you must keep film away from the darkroom lightsource? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Orientation for lateral x-ray? |
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Definition
| Running to the left. Head to the left, spine at the top. |
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|
Term
| Orientation of VD/DV x-ray? |
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Definition
| Head at the top, animals right side on viewer's left. |
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|
Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Lateral: feet pointing left
PA: feet pointing down |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Lighter and more contrast |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Convert exposed silver halide to black metallic silver. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase developer activity |
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|
Term
| Preservatives (developer) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Remove unexposed silver halide crystals. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Prevents decomposition of fixer solution. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Prevent excessive swelling in emulsion layer |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Limit action of silver bromide crystals. |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Dissolves other ingredients and fixer agents. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Accelerate the other chemicals and neutralize alkaline developer. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What settings would you use for a radiograph of the thorax? |
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Definition
| Use high kVp and low mAs for a less contrast, grayer image. |
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|
Term
| What settings would you use for a radiograph of the abdomen? |
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Definition
| Use low kVp and high mAs for a higher contrast, less gray image. |
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|
Term
| What is the distance you must keep film away from the darkroom lightsource? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are four things needed to keep a processor maintained? |
|
Definition
1. Check solution level
2. Temp check
3. Rinse and wipe rollers
4. Clean tanks |
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|
Term
| Orientation for lateral x-ray? |
|
Definition
| Running to the left. Head to the left, spine at the top. |
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|
Term
| Orientation of VD/DV x-ray? |
|
Definition
| Head at the top, animals right side on viewer's left. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lateral: feet pointing left
PA: feet pointing down |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Quantity of electrons. Controls density. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Electron speed. Controls contrast. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Degree of blackness on a film. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The density difference between two areas on the same radiograph. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What converts the latent image to a visible image |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what changes silver halide crystals to black metallic silver crystal |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| small bulb w/ filters, eliminates certain color lights |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when the film is exposed to light |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What color should the walls in the darkroom be? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What's the ideal temperature when manual Developing |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Whats the position when taking an xray of the hock |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How long should the film be in the fixer for manual developing |
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Definition
| twice as long as the developer |
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|
Term
| When taking a abdominal xray when should the pic be taken? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What Xray usually requires 3 views? |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is use to measure before an xray |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is an example of biological growth |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is measurable difference betw. adjacent density |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Increase pH levels and causes the emulsion layer to swell |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Maintains a stable rate of Development |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Limits the developing agent from the silver halide crystal |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| keeps the emulsion from swelling too much |
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Definition
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|
Term
| dissolves the extra chemicals |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Film too light but adequate penetration |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Film too light w/ inadequate penetration |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Film too Dark but adequate penetration |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Film too Dark w/ inadequate penetration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long should the film be in the raise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Accelerate the action of the fixer is |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: X-rays are created by an excited negative particle being relaxed towards a positive particle. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How does radiation travel? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| True or False: Radiation is visible. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The type of x-ray machine used in most small animals clinics is? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What kind of PPE do you never have to wear? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is NOT a potential health hazard of radiation exposure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A special heat-resistant glass that houses the specialized anode and cathode. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A metal that abruptly stops electrons at the anode, thereby allowing the production of radiographs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is a filament that looks like a filament from a light bulb that generates electrons (heat) aimed toward the anode. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A beam that exits the tube in a tightly packed angle aiming for the focal spot. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A space of partial illumination between a pinpoint and the surrounding black space. |
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Term
|
Definition
| when the filament is melted by a high flowing current |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A device located immediately below the x-ray tube that limits the x-ray beam to the size of the image reception. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A device that measures the anatomical part in the thickness of the patient. |
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|
Term
| List 3 things that aid in radiation safety? |
|
Definition
| Lead apron, Lead goggles and thyroid shield |
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|
Term
| What does the acronym ALARA mean? |
|
Definition
| As low as reasonably possible |
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|
Term
| What amount of radiation is safe to receive each year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The degree of darkness or blackness on a radiograph is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The visible differnece between two adjacent densities is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Movement affects radiograph quality and is an example of? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The purpose of the x-ray grid is to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is not required when it comes to darkroom setup? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two parts to the darkroom? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Used in a darkroom, this small watt bulb with filters, eliminates certain color lights? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the distance you must keep the film away from the darkroom lightsource? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to film that has been exposed to light before radiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most important factor to processing and developing film? |
|
Definition
| The temperature of the developer |
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|
Term
| What is not a step in developing film? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What step converts the latent image to a visible image? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What step changes the silver halide crystals to black metallic crystals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What step increases the pH of film and causes the emulsion layer to swell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What step maintains a stable rate of development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What step limits the developing agents from the silver halide crystals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What step keeps the emulsion layer from swelling too much? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What step dissolves the extra chemicals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the following can be used instead of rinsing and drying a radiograph? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 2 times rule means what? |
|
Definition
| The amount of time in the fiver than time was in the developer. |
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|
Term
| What is the purpose of a fixing agent? |
|
Definition
| Remove unexposed crystals. |
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|
Term
| Which of the following is not a step in the fixing portion of x-ray development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following accelerate the actin of the fixer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which step stabilizes the pH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can you add to avoid spotting and aids in drying film faster? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of processing is more expensive, but the preferred method of x-ray developing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 things that are needed to keep a processor maintained? |
|
Definition
Solution level checks
Temperature check
Roller operation
Clean tank |
|
|
Term
| What does metallic replacement mean in silver recovery? |
|
Definition
| The silver-rich solutions are slowly metered into a steel wool like cartridge. The silver is left behind in the cartridge while the iron is dissolved and carried out by the solutions. |
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|
Term
| What does electrolyte replacement mean in silver recovery? |
|
Definition
| A direct current is passed through a silver rich solution between the cathode and the anode. |
|
|
Term
| What does chemical precipitation mean in silver recovery? |
|
Definition
| Have been alkali metal salts of sulfide which form silver sulfide in solutions. Then the silver sulfide is removed by filtration. |
|
|
Term
| List the information that must be included on a labeled radiograph? |
|
Definition
Name & address of the clinic or doc.
date of when the radiograph was taken
patient & owner's name; age, sex and bread of patient |
|
|
Term
| List the information that must be on the radiograph envelope? |
|
Definition
| Patient's name, owner's last name, patient ID, doc's name, date of each study and name of each study |
|
|
Term
| The quantity of electrons is measured by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electron speed is measured as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The degree of blackness on a film is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Density is controlled by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The density difference between two areas on the same radiograph is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contrast is primarily controlled by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When viewing a radiograph what object can you see more contrast between? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When viewing a radiograph what object can you see less contrast between? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three questions you should ask yourself when looking at a radiograph? |
|
Definition
Is the radiograph placed on the view box correctly?
is the film too light or too dark?
Does the film have proper penetration? |
|
|
Term
| How would you place a lateral abdomen on the viewer? |
|
Definition
| should be hung with the patient's head on the viewers L and the spine on top. |
|
|
Term
| How would you place a VD chest on the viewer? |
|
Definition
| head at the top and the animals R side should be on viewer's L |
|
|
Term
| How would you place a lateral rear leg on the viewer? |
|
Definition
| lateral feet pointing left |
|
|
Term
| How would you place an AP front limb? |
|
Definition
| lateral and AP feet towards the floor |
|
|
Term
| If the film is too light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Film is too light but with adequate penetration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Film is too light but with no penetration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Film is too dark but with adequate penetration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Film is too dark but with no penetration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the five things a technique needs to include? |
|
Definition
| Source-image distance (SID), CM, Time, kVp and mAs |
|
|
Term
| What is equation needed to complete a technique chart? |
|
Definition
| kVp=(2 X tissue thickness) + 40 + grid factor (usually 8) |
|
|
Term
| Explain the process in order to make a technique chart? |
|
Definition
1.)Produce radiographs with technical factors above and below the norm
2.)Have your supervisor pick through the radiographs and keep the ones they like
3.)Prepare the chart form your notes and from the radiographs that your supervisor liked |
|
|
Term
| What view is used to start a test radiograph for technique chart creation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is test radiograph evaluated? |
|
Definition
| Too light or too dark? Each CM = 2 increments or kVp. Repeat exposure as needed, formulate & plot a technique chart with CM, mAs, kVp and time |
|
|
Term
| Conditions that can affect radiographic quality are pleural fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conditions that can affect radiographic quality are obesity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conditions that can affect radiographic quality are neonates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conditions that can affect radiographic quality are contrast procedure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define quality assurance. |
|
Definition
| The act of giving confidence so that quality requirements for a production or service will be fulfilled. |
|
|
Term
| What does quality assurance include? |
|
Definition
| Preventative maintenance, quality control, equipment calibration, in-service education of personnel, evaluation of new products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The observation techniques used to fulfill the requirements for quality assurance. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the 9 penny test? |
|
Definition
| Place a loaded cassette on the tabletop. Position 9 pennies, center the cassette and adjust the collimator so 4 of the 9 are outside the lighted field. Make the radiograph and if any of the pennies show up it is too light. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In complete darkness take a radiograph using a phantom with a film density of 1.2 and record your technique factors. Place the exposed film on the counter for 2 min. with half covered with a card. after processing the film use a densitometer to measure the film densities on either side. If it measures > .08 OD then you have too much fog. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 reasons quality control and quality assurance are important? |
|
Definition
1.) Minimize the dose of radiation to personnel and patient.
2.) Allows for diagnostic quality radiographs.
3.) Decrease the # of retakes; good for personnel and the bottom line. |
|
|
Term
| Anything that decreases the quality of radiographs resulting in difficult evaluation and interpretation is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are examples of artifacts? |
|
Definition
| Heavy lines, black markers, clear areas, and yellow radiographs |
|
|
Term
| What are some other examples of artifacts? |
|
Definition
Film fog-from being exposed to light before radiation
Not pushing the film tray all the way in or if the tray moved. |
|
|
Term
| How are finger crescents and black half-moon shapes on radiographs are created? |
|
Definition
| Technicians not being careful with the film. |
|
|
Term
| If there is lack of contrast what do we do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If there is lack of detail what do we do? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you recover silver with metallic replacement? |
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Definition
| the silver-rich solution are slowly metered into a steel wool like cartridge. the sliver is left behind in the cartridge while the iron is dissolved and carried out by the solution. |
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Term
| How do you recover silver with electrolyte replacement? |
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Definition
| A direct current is passed though a silver rich solution between the anode and the cathode. |
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Term
| How do you recover silver with chemical precipitation? |
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Definition
| have been alkali metal salts of sulfide which form silver sulfide in the solution. Then the silver sulfide is removed by filtration. |
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