Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| chemical substances that have the capacity to kill or hinhibit the growth of microorganisms |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| inhibit the frowth of microorganisms |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemicals that work on bateria |
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Term
|
Definition
| the range of bacteria on which the agent is effective |
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Term
|
Definition
| resist decolorization by gram stain process (stains purple) |
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Term
|
Definition
| decolorized by gram stain process (stain pink-red) |
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Term
| narrow spectrum antibiotic |
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Definition
| drug specified for either gram (+) or gram (-) |
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Term
| broad spectrum antibiotics |
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Definition
| drugs used for both Gram (+) and Gram (-) |
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Term
|
Definition
| drugs that inhibit the growth or replication of the organism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| goal of antibiotic therapy |
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Definition
| render the bacteria helpless without causing harm to the patient |
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Term
|
Definition
| antibiotic disc test to determine sensitivity |
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Term
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Definition
| the antibiotic does NOT work against these bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| antibiotic may work against these bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| antibiotic DOES work against these bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
| minimum inhibitory concentration |
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Term
| Minimum Inhibitory Concentration |
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Definition
| the lowest concentration of an antibiotic that will at least inhibit the growth of bacteria |
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Term
| Inhibition of cell wall synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| bactericidal or bacteriostatic |
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Term
| inhibition of protein synthesis |
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Definition
| bactericidal or bacteriostatic |
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Term
| interference with metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
| impairment of nucleic acids |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when bacteria change in some way that reduces or eliminates the effectiveness of the medication |
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Term
| antibiotic resistance occurs when: |
|
Definition
medication is not used properly
used with a viral infection
improper dose or improper length of time |
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Term
|
Definition
| presence of a chemical or its metabolites in animal tissues or food products |
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Term
| even at low levels residues can cause allergic resistance that's transferred to people who consume food |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
cell wall agents
cell membrane agents
protein synthesis agents
antimetabolites
nucleic acid agents
miscellaneous |
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Term
|
Definition
| affect the cell walls of bacteria & do not attack the host since animal cells do not have cell walls |
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Term
| cell wall agents (examples) |
|
Definition
penicillins
cephalosporins
bacitracin
vancomycin |
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Term
|
Definition
natural & synthetic derivatives of molds
broad spectrum drug
beta-lactum structure that interfers with cell wall synthesis in newly formed bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
penicillin G (most common, narrow spectrum)
Penicillin Procaine G
Benzathine Penicillin G (provides longer blood levels) |
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Term
| Penicillin Broad spectrum examples |
|
Definition
amoxicillin
ampicillin
methicillin |
|
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Term
| Penicillin Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins (narrow spectrum) examples |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
(combined w/ another drug to enhance the effects of both)
amoxicillin/clavulanic acid
clavamox & augmentin |
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Term
| Cephalosporins (1st - 4th generations) |
|
Definition
semi-synthetic, broad spectrum antibiotics that interfere with cell wall synthesis
cephadroxil (cefa-drops)
cephalexin (keflex)
cefazolin |
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Term
|
Definition
disrupts the cell wall but by a different mechansim
toxic to kidneys
used as topical for skin, mucous membranes, eyes
also used a food additive
works against Gram + bacteria |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| used against many gram + bacteria on infections that are resistant to toxic antibiotics such as penicillins or cephalosporins |
|
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Term
|
Definition
attack the cell membrane of the bacteria
Polymyxin B - usually combined w/ neomycin & bacitracin to create a wide spectrum topical medication |
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Term
|
Definition
| agents that interfere with the protein synthesis (DNA transmittance) in the bacterial cell |
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Term
|
Definition
aminoglycosides
tetracyclines
chloramphenicol
florgenical
macrolides
lincosamides |
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Term
|
Definition
derived from species of streptomyces microbes
used to treat gram - bacterial infections
poorly absorbed from GI tract
highly toxic to kidneys
identified by -mycin, -micin ending in generic name |
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Term
| Aminoglycosides (examples) |
|
Definition
gentamicin
neomycin
amikacin |
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Term
|
Definition
broad spectrum
bacteriostatic
slows bone development & causes discoloration of teeth
not approved for dairy cattle
-cycline ending in generic name |
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Term
|
Definition
tetracycline
doxycycline - used in treatment of kennel cough, tick fever, lyme disease |
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Term
|
Definition
Broad spectrum
suppresses blood cell formation in bone marrow
banned from use in food-producing animals
wear gloves when handling |
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Term
|
Definition
synthetic
broad spectrum
used to treat bovine respiratory disease |
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Term
|
Definition
can cause upset stomach
erythomycin
tylosin
tilmicosin |
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Term
|
Definition
bactericidal or bacteriostatic depending on concentration
used to treat penicillin-resistant bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
used in livestock
can be found in food/water additives
not for use in horses |
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Term
|
Definition
| used to treat vocine respiratory disease |
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Term
|
Definition
work against gram (+) bacteria
Lincomycin
clindamycin (Antirobe) often used for dental infections |
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Term
|
Definition
| deprive bacteria of essential material needed for metabolism |
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Term
|
Definition
inhibit synthesis of folic acid / hinders growth of bacteria
combined with trimethoprim & ormetoprim
side effects - skin rash, crystalluria, KCS |
|
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Term
|
Definition
sulfadimethoxine (albon)
sulfadimethoxine/ormetroprim (primor) |
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Term
|
Definition
| interferes with bacterial nucleic acid |
|
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Term
|
Definition
newer generation of quinolones
identified by -floxacin ending in generic name
can cause cartilage defects in frowing dogs
given at high doses, can cause blindness in cats
effective against gram + and gram - bacteria |
|
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Term
| flouroquinolones (examples) |
|
Definition
enrofloxacin (baytril)
ciprofloxacin (cipro)
orbifloxacin (orbax)
marbofloxacin (zeniquin) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
broad spectrum
less potent than other antibiotics
prohibited from use in food animals b/c may induce carcinogenic residues in animal tissue |
|
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Term
|
Definition
nitrofurazone
nitrofurantoin |
|
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Term
|
Definition
antibacterial & antiprotozoal properties
commonly used to treat diarrhea
metronidazole (flagyl) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
broad spectrum
used primarily w/ erythromycin to treat infections in foals
may cause reddish color to urine, tears, sweat, & saliva |
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Term
|
Definition
| divided into molds & yeast |
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|
Term
| Superficial fungal infections |
|
Definition
| diagnosed through test media or microscopic identification |
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Term
| Systemic fungal infections |
|
Definition
| identified through serology |
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Term
|
Definition
polyene
imidazole
antimetabolic
superficial |
|
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Term
|
Definition
bind to fungal cell membrane
nystatin (panalog)-administered topically, orally, IV
Amphotericin B - administered IV, topically, extremely nephrotoxic |
|
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Term
|
Definition
cause leakage of fungal cell membrane
have fewer side effects than amphotericin b
identified by -azole ending in generic name |
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Term
| Imidazole antifungals (examples) |
|
Definition
ketoconazole
miconazole
itraconazole
fluconazole (treats valley fever) |
|
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Term
| antimetabolic antifungals |
|
Definition
given orally & topically in combination with other antifungals to treat cryptococcus infections
Flucytosine |
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Term
|
Definition
Griseofulvin - treats dermatophyte infections (ringworm)
Lufeneron (Program) |
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Term
|
Definition
limited use in vet med
work by preventing viral penetration of the host cell
inhibiting virus production of RNA or DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
Acyclovir - used to treat ocular feline herpes virus
Tamiflu - sometimes used to treat parvo
Interferon - used to treat FeLV & ocular feline herpes |
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Term
|
Definition
| kills or inhibits growth of mocroorganisms on inanimate objects |
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Term
|
Definition
| kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms on living tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemical that kills microorganisms |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemical that kills bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemical that kills viruses |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemical that kills fungi |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemical that kills spores which are especially resistant to chemicals |
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Term
| Types of disinfecting agents |
|
Definition
Phenols
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
Aldehydes
Ethylene oxide
Halogens
Biguanides
Other |
|
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Term
|
Definition
first antiseptic effective against Gram + bacteria & some Gram - bacteria, fungi, & some enveloped viruses
Not effective vs. spores & nonenveloped viruses (such as parvo)
Should not be used as an antiseptic due to skin irritation & possible neurotoxicity
LYSOL |
|
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Term
| Quaternary Ammonium Compounds |
|
Definition
Effective vs. Gram + & Gram - bacteria
not effective vs spores
limited effectiveness vs fungi
effective vs enveloped viruses but not nonenveloped viruses (such as parvo)
Usually not irritating to skin
Example : Roccal-D |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Gluteraldehydes used to disinfect instruments in cold sterilization & on fiberoptics
Sporicidal |
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Term
|
Definition
used to disinfect instruments in gas or solution
can be used as tissue fixation agent |
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Term
|
Definition
| gas used for chemical sterilization |
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Term
|
Definition
used on Gram + and Gram - bacteria
used vs. enveloped viruses
not for antiseptic purposes
causes pain and has denaturing effect on proteins
usually 70% solution used |
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Term
|
Definition
halogen
kills bacteria, fungi, viruses, & spores
found in bleach, usually used in a 1:10 dilution |
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Term
|
Definition
halogen
usually mixed with water or alcohol to form brown solution
commonly used as topical antiseptics
Betadine
Povidine |
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Term
|
Definition
| effective vs. bacteria, some fungi, & enveloped viruses |
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Term
|
Definition
kills anaerobic bacteria in deep wounds
limit use - can cause damage to tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
limited bactericidal activity
main function is mechanical removal of microbes |
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Term
|
Definition
live on the surface of the host
cause external parasite infestations |
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Term
|
Definition
parasites live inside the body
cause internal parasite infections |
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Term
|
Definition
| worms found primarily in GI tract, liver, lungs, circulatory system |
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Term
|
Definition
slender, tube-like, non-segmented
transmitted by arthropods
roundworms (ascarids, trichurs, ancylostoma, strongyle, dirofilaria) |
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Term
|
Definition
can live in GI tract or other body tissues
cestodes - tapeworms (taenia, dipylidium, echinococcus
trematodes - flukes (paragonimus) |
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Term
|
Definition
| categorized by the type of parasite they work against |
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Term
|
Definition
kill worm parasites
further categorized into - antinematodal, anticestodal, antitrematodal |
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Term
| Antinematodal - Benzimidazoles |
|
Definition
Interfere with worm's energy metabolism
given PO in repeated doses |
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Term
|
Definition
ascarids & strongyles
also has antifungal & anti-inflammatory effects
Tresaderm Otic |
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Term
|
Definition
horse dewormer
can cause lier toxicity in dogs
EQ Equine Wormer Paste |
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Term
|
Definition
Ascarids, hookworms, & cestodes in horses dogs
Telmintic |
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Term
|
Definition
nematodes, hookworms, whipworms, taenia, giardia
used in small animals, horses, & food animals
not for use in lactating dairy animals
Panacur |
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Term
|
Definition
probiotics which are metabolized in the animals body to benzimidazole
Febantel - Drontal Plus |
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Term
|
Definition
anticholinergic to paralyze the parasite
treat ascarids, strongyles, whipworms, & hookworms
not ovicidal
Levamisole - Levasole |
|
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Term
|
Definition
cholinergic agonists that mimic action of Ach - initial stimulation and paralysis of the worm
Examples: Pyrantel Pamoate (Nemex, Strongid-T)
Pyrantel tartrate
Morantel tartrate |
|
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Term
|
Definition
used vs. both endoparasites & ectoparasites
horses - bots, nematodes, strongyles,pinworms
ruminants - strongyles
dogs/cats - hookworms, nematodes, whipworms
usually given as feed additive to cattle
USE WITH CAUTION IN ALL SPECIES
neurotoxic to parasites, can cause neurologic side effects in host animal
Examples: dichlorvos (Task), Coumaphos (Baymix) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
only eradicates ascarids in all species
essentially nontoxic, sold OTC
Examples: Hartz Health Measures Once-a-month Wormer |
|
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Term
|
Definition
causes paralysis & death in the parasite
Ivermectin - can cause adverse reaction in collies and collie crosses
"White feet do not treat"
Examples: Heartgard, Ivomec |
|
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Term
|
Definition
consist of a head (scolex), neck & segments (proglottids)
increase in length by producing new segments from the neck area (oldest segments are at the distal end of the worm)
attaches to intestinal wall by its scolex (must dislodge it as part of treatment)
Examples: Praziquantel, Droncit, Epsiprantel (Cestex), Fenbendazole |
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Term
|
Definition
Named for the area they infect
Have intermediat host, usually a snail
Examples: Clorsulon (Curatrem), Albendazole (Valbazen), Praziquantel |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
protozoa that cause various intestinal disorders, some serious, even fatal
complex life cycle making them difficult to treat
treatment includes sanitation & disinfection of environment |
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Term
| Anticoccidials - SULFA drugs |
|
Definition
work at various stages of coccidian life cycle
usually given orally in feed, water, or by liquid and tablets |
|
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Term
|
Definition
used in poultry, dogs, and cats
reduces the number of oocysts shed |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Corid
coccidiosis in calves |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Deccox
used in cattle and goats |
|
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Term
|
Definition
protozoan parasite seen in animals
treated with - Metronidazole (Flagyl), Fenbenazole (Panacur), Albendazole |
|
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Term
|
Definition
blood protozoan transmitted by ticks
treated with imidocarb (imizol)
not used in food-producing animals |
|
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Term
|
Definition
affects dogs, cats, ferrets
caused by the nematode dirofilaria immitis
transmitted by mosquitos
adults live in the pulmonary artery but can be found in RT ventricle and RT atrium |
|
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Term
|
Definition
L3 can be prevented from reaching maturity by the use of preventative medicines
when given to a HW neg. dog the drug will prevent any larvae transmitted by a mosquito from reaching the adult stage
when given at hight doses it will also kill circulating microfilariae in HW pos dogs |
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Term
|
Definition
monthly preventative, given orally
also used to treat demodex
when given with pyrantel pamoate=Heartgard Plus
Dose determines use - Low - HW preventative
Moderate - kills microfilariae
high - kills most internal parasites |
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Term
| Milbemycin (interceptor, Sentinel) |
|
Definition
monthly preventative
both products are also effective vs. hookworms, nematodes, and whipworms
Sentinel also contains lufenuron for flea control |
|
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Term
|
Definition
monthly preventative
applied topically and absorbed systemically
also controls fleas, ear mites, sarcoptic mange
some tick preventative activity |
|
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Term
|
Definition
six month injection interrupts early larval development
was taken off the market, but available again |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| arsenical drug given IM in epaxial muscles between L3 & L5 |
|
|
Term
| Thiacetarsamide (caparsolate) |
|
Definition
| rarely used anymore, if at all |
|
|
Term
| adulticides - heartworm medications |
|
Definition
| used to treat any adult heartworms that may have developed in the RV because of improper or no preventatives |
|
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Term
|
Definition
given at a higher dose
need to monitor for neurolofic side effects |
|
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Term
|
Definition
live on the outside of the body - flies, grubs, lice, fleas, mites, ticks, mosquitoes
accurate id of the ectoparasite is essential for proper treatment
can be oral, sprays, dips, pour-ons, ear tags, spot-ons, shampoos, dusts, foggers
always read product lave and use proper protective gear |
|
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Term
|
Definition
initial defense
physical barriers (skin), mucus production, inflammation, fever, phagocytosis of foreign material |
|
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Term
|
Definition
defense vs. specific antigen
B and T-lymphocytes
four types Active, passive, natural, artificial |
|
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Term
|
Definition
arises when an animal receives an antigen that activates b and t-lymphocytes and causes the animal to produce antibodies
takes time to develop, but lasts a relatively long time due to memory |
|
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Term
|
Definition
arises when an animal receives antibodies from another animal
provides immediate protection, but for a shorter amount of time |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| acquired during normal biological experiences |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| acquired through medical procedures |
|
|
Term
| vaccines trigger specific immune responses to help fight future infections from a specific agent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suspension of weakened, live, or killed microorganisms administered to prevent, improve or treat an infectious disease |
|
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Term
|
Definition
inactivated (killed)
attenuated (modified-live)
live
recombinent
toxoids
antitoxins
antiserum
autogenous
multiple-antigen vaccines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
made from microorganisms or their components that have been chemically treated to kill the microorganism
advantages - usually safe, stable and unlikely to cause disease
disadvantages - need for repeated doses to ensure protection, adjuvant/preservatives may cause reaction |
|
|
Term
| attenuated (modified-live) |
|
Definition
microorganisms have been altered to lose their virulence, but are still able to replicate w/in the animal to provide immunity
advantages - immunity usually lasts longer, have better efficacy and quicker stimulation of CMI
disadvantages - possible abortion when given to pregnant animal, can produce mild forms of the disease, can be shed into the environment |
|
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Term
|
Definition
made from live microorganisms that may be fully virulent or avirulent
advantages - fewer doses are needed to achieve immunity, lasts longer, adjuvants not needed, inexpensive
disadvantages - possible residual virulence |
|
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Term
|
Definition
a gene or part of a microorganism is removed from one organism (pathogen) and inserted into another microorganism
advantages - fewer side effects, effective immunity, varied routes of administration
disadvantages - increased cost |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
special type of vaccine used vs. toxins instead of microorganisms
used like a vaccine
provides active immunity
disadvantages-shorter duration of effectiveness, may contain adjuvants/preservatives |
|
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Term
|
Definition
substances that contain antibodies obtained from an animal that has been hypersensitized to neutralize toxins
used when exposure to a toxin is likely
provides passive immunity
disadvantages- immunity short-lived, may also contain preservatives |
|
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Term
|
Definition
antibody-rich serum from a hypersensitized or actually infected animal
abs are collected from plasma
short lived (passive)
treats k9 distemper, feline panleukopenia, bovine anthrax |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
produced for a specific disease problem in a specific area from a sick animal
cultured organism from farm
disadvantages - may contain endotoxin or other byproducts so use with caution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
multiple-antigen vaccines contain more than one antigen
advantages-fewer injections to administer, less expensive when giving multiple vaccine agents
disadvantages- rate of adverse reactions rise as the number of antigens goes up |
|
|
Term
| care and handling of vaccines |
|
Definition
sensitive to sunlight, excessive heat and freezing
store in refrigerator
obtain from a reputable source
some vaccines need to be reconstituted prior to use, use only diluent provided by manufacturer
administer only via route identified by manufacturer (especially important in food animals)
do not mix multiple vaccines together in same syringe
administer different vaccines in different sites and record where/how given |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
age
health
medications
pregnancy
environment
history |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pain, swelling at injection site |
|
|
Term
| systemic vaccine reaction |
|
Definition
| anaphylaxis, hives, wheezing, dyspnea, hypotension, shock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tumors of connective-tissue origin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
way to assess the level of antibody to particular antigen
expressed in ratios such as 1:2, 1:4
the correlation between antibody titer and protection vs. exposure to the disease has not been thoroughly investigated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
recommended for all individual animals because:
the consequences of infection are severe
infection poses zoonotic potential
disease prevalence is high
organism is easily transmitted to others of its species
vaccine is safe and efficacious
examples: rabies, DHPP, FRCP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
recommended only for individual animals deemed to be at high risk for contact with the organism
based on evaluation of all risk factors
Example: Bordetella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antineoplastic and chemotherapeutic agents stop the cancerous activity of malignant cells |
|
|
Term
| act vs. characteristics unique to malignant cells |
|
Definition
rapid cell division
different rate of cellular drug uptake
increased cellular response to selected anticancer drugs |
|
|
Term
| Cell-cycle nonspecific (CCNS) |
|
Definition
antineoplastic agents that act during any phase of the cell cycle
kill the cell during the dividing or resting phases |
|
|
Term
| cell-cycle specific (CCS) |
|
Definition
antineoplastic agents that act during a specific phase of the cell cycle
effective against rapidly growing cancer cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the percentage of the cancer cells that are actively dividing
high growth fraction = cells are dividing rapidly
low frowth fraction = cells are dividing slowly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time required for the number of cancer cells to double |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
kill at any phase concentration dependent killing
Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)
Cisplatin
Caboplatin
Doxorubicin (adriamycin)
steroids - corticosteroids, estrogens, androgens |
|
|
Term
| CCS - cell-cycle specific |
|
Definition
kill in specific phases of cell cycle; killing is time dependent
5-fluorouracil
vincristine
vinblastine |
|
|
Term
| administering antineoplastics |
|
Definition
various protocols are used-some in therapeutic combinations the tumor is more effectively destroyed when bombarded w/drugs that act in different ways
calculation of antineoplastics is based on body surface area
BSA is determined from bodyweight in kg using charts |
|
|
Term
| safe handling of antineoplastics |
|
Definition
waste is considered contaminated for 72 hr and disposed of properly
reconstitution of agents is done in a vertical airflow hood with PPE
IV catheter placement must be a "good stick" and some area not used again w//in a 24 hour period
Pregnant women should not handle antineoplastics
immuno-compromised people should not handle antineoplastics
NO eating/drinking while handling drugs |
|
|
Term
immune enhancers
biologic response modifiers (BRMs) |
|
Definition
| agents used in conjunction with antineoplastic agents to enhance body's immune system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of naturally-occurring proteins that have antitumor and antiviral effets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of chemicals that play various roles in the immune system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chemical used in treatment of fibrosarcomas and MCTs (mast cell tumors) in dogs and cats
stimulates macrophage activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| identical immunoglobulin molecules that have cytotoxic effects on tumor cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
work mainly by interfering with one of the stages of the cell cycle or by affecting cell messengers
Used primarily to treat immune-mediated disorders in which the immune system is overactive
Examples:
Cyclosporine (Atopica, Optimmune)
Azathioprine (Imuran)
Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| works by making asparagine unavailable to malignant cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
controls the growth of tumor cells
Toceranib (Palladia)- treats Grade II and III, recurrent, cutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs, given in tablet form, owners should wear gloves and wash hands |
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Term
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Definition
bone marrow suppression
GI effects
alopecia
infertility
cardiotoxicity |
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Term
| opthalmic drug considerations |
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Definition
1-drug penetration-topical opthalmic drugs tend to be absorbed into the anterior chamber and have little effect on the posterior or vitreous chambers
2-frequency of drug application-ointments are usually administered less frequently than eye drops
3-ease of application-some clients find ointments easier to apply than drops and vice cersa |
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Term
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Definition
used for foreign body removal and performance of comprehensive eye exams
Examples: proparacaine, tetracaine |
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Term
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Definition
| detects corneal defects and patency of lacrimal ducts |
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Term
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Definition
cholinergic drugs that constrict the pupil
lower introcular pressure by increasing outflow of aqueous humor
used for glaucoma
Example - Pilocarpine |
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Term
| Pupil Opening (Mydriatics) |
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Definition
drugs that dilate pupils
may be used to treat uveitis and to dilate pupil for fundic exam
Examples: atopine, homatropine, phenylephrine, tropicamide, epinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that paralyze the ciliary muscles and may minimize pain due to ciliary spasm |
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Term
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Definition
disease characterized by increased IOP due to structural defects, genetic defects, or result of other ocular disease or trauma
If left untreated, could cause blindness
drugs to treat glaucoma reduce IOP by decreasing production of fluids w/i the eye
Examples: carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, beta-adrenergic blockers, osmotic diuretics |
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Term
| keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS, "dry eye") |
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Definition
tear production is decreased resulting in persistent mucopurulent conjunctivitis and corneal scarring and ulceration
may be immune mediate
treatment includes: artificial tears, antibiotic-steroid preparations, lacrimogenics (increase tear production), immunomodulators |
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Term
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Definition
inflammation of the pinna dna external auditory canal
caused by bacteria, yeast, parasites, allergiew, systemic disease, and neoplasia
clinical signs = head shaking, ear scratching, ear discharge |
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Term
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Definition
inflammation of the middle ear
caused by extension of otitis externa through ruptured tympanum, URI, polyps, trauma
can be clinically silent or have signs similar to otitis externa |
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Term
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Definition
inner ear infection
signs = head tilt toward the affected side, ataxia, nausea, and vomiting |
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Term
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Definition
otoscopic exam
ear cytology
culture / sensitivity |
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Term
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Definition
combo of antifungal, antibiotic, and antiinflammatory
antiparasitics are used to treat ear mites
local anesthetics reduce pain
cleansers, drying agents and cerumen (ear wax) dissolvers are used in combo with otic medications |
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Term
| Otic Medications (examples) |
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Definition
Tresaderm
Otomax, Mometamax
Panalog
Baytril Otic
Conofite
MilbeMite |
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