Term
| What are preliminary study tests done on for drug development? |
|
Definition
| Computer models or simple organisims such as bacteria. |
|
|
Term
# 2 Safety/ effectivness evaluation
|
|
Definition
| At what point of drug development are preclinical studies done? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
What are the series of tests for safety and efficancy during drug development done on?
|
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Ability or tendency to produce cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Capacity to cause birth defects. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| This begins in the drug development after the FDA has approved application. This will occur on the target species for safety and efficiency on a particular species. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| During drug development, this determines the dose at which the drug induces tissue or organ damage which can result in permanent injury/death |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Dose of a test drug that causes a defined effect in 50% of the animals that take it. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Dose of a test drug that kills 50% of the animals that take it. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Dose that provides the desired effects with minimal or no signs of toxicity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
LD-50/ ED-50
"margin of safety" |
|
|
Term
| New Animal Drug Application |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Third step of drug development: |
|
|
Term
| Postmarketing Surveillance stage |
|
Definition
| Fourth stage of drug development. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| During the fourth stage of drug development where is the drug listed? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A list of animal drug products published and updated monthly by the drug: |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| When a drug is purchased directly from the company that manufactures it. |
|
|
Term
| Distributors/ wholesalers |
|
Definition
| Agencies that purchase the drug from the manufacturer and resell it to veterinarians. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Selling drugs that are no longer under patent protection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ability to produce similair blood levels after administration as the original patented drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug concentration in the body that produces the desired affect in the animal with minimnal or no sign of toxicity. |
|
|
Term
1-Route of Administration
2-Drug Dose
3-Dosage Interval |
|
Definition
| Three major drug factors involved in staying with in a drugs therapeutic range. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Drugs that are given through the GI tract (orally) PO |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Drugs that are given by a route other than through the GI tract.
Paraentero
"excluding the instestines" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Supplied in sterile vials. Some in powder form that must be reconstituted. Should be dated and refrigerated if necessary Some vials are single dose and some are ultiple dose. May need to be used in a certain amount of time. Some are light sensitive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Route allowing for fastest onset of action. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A concentrated mass injected all at one time IV to acheive high concentration of drug immediately. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diluted drug administered over a 30-60 minute period through an IV catheter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug added to large volume of fluid administered continuously over a long period of time. |
|
|
Term
Aqueous solution
Aqueous suspension
Oily suspension
Injectable pellets |
|
Definition
| Different forms of injectables for IM injection. |
|
|
Term
| Repository or Depot Preparation |
|
Definition
| When a drug is placed in a substance that prolongs absorption. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Given in the connective tissue beneath the dermis. Slowest route of injection. However still faster then oral administration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream through diffusion from the alveoli to the capillaries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Applied to surface of the skin or mucous membranes.
Must first disolve and then penetrate the skin by diffusion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Medication is delivered directly to the GI tract. Does not have to be sterile. Liquid, pill, or capsule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of drug given at one time to achieve the desired effect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Initial dose given to get the concentration up to therapeutic range. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dose given to maintain therapeutic range. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Total amount of drug given in a 24 hour period. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of drug per animals body weight. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Frequency in which the drug is given to maintain therapeutic range. SID, BID, TID, QID, EOD. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dosage interval AND dosage together.
ex: 10mg/kg BID |
|
|
Term
Right Drug
Right Dose
Right Time
Right Route/Technique
Right Patient
Right Documentation |
|
Definition
| The Six R's in drug administration safety. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How many times should you check a label before administering a drug? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The movement of drug molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentraion until both sides have the same concentration. Does NOT require energy. Drug used must disolve in the cell membrane for this to occur. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can disolve in the phospholipid structure of cell membrane and pass through easier than drugs that are hydrophilic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Usually disolve in water and injected IM so that it can diffuse through the fluid to reach the capillaries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Have a positive or negative charge. Usually hydrophilic in form. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Have a neutral charge. Usually lipophilic in form. Can pass through cell membrane easily. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Passive diffusion that requires a special carrier molecule which helps the drug cross the cell membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Requires a special carrier molecule AND energy because the drug molecules move against the concentration gradient. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Engulfing fluids into the cell by surrounding the particles and forming a vesicle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Engulfing solids into the cell by surrounding the particle and forming a vesicle. Reserved for particles that are too large to pass through cell membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The movement of a drug from the site of administration into the fluids of the body that will carry it to the site(s) of action. Drug and patient factors will affect this. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The degree in which the drug is absorbed and reaches the circulation. Higher in IV and IM drugs. |
|
|
Term
pH and Ionization
(alkaline) |
|
Definition
Ionized drugs are absorbed more readily in areas of higher what?
|
|
|
Term
pH and Ionization
(acidic) |
|
Definition
| Non-ionized drugs are absorbed in areas of lower what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug molecules can change from being ionized to non-ionized as they travel from one body compartment to another. |
|
|
Term
Age
Health
Metabolic rate
Genetic factors
Sex |
|
Definition
| Five patient factors that can affect absorption. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Physiological movement of drugs from the systemic circulation to the tissues. |
|
|
Term
Membrane permeability
Tissue perfusion
Protein binding
Volume of distribution |
|
Definition
| Factors that affect drug distribution |
|
|
Term
| Blood brain barrier. (BBB) The capillaries do not have fenestrations. So only the most lipophilic drugs can enter the CNS |
|
Definition
| Large molecules cannot pass through fenestrations in the capillaries. What is the exception to membrane permeability. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fat tissue has lower levels of drugs due to a lack of? Drugs stored in fat will delay onset of results. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some drug molecules bind to proteins in the blood that are too large to pass through the capillaries and become trapped in circulation. This is called? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How well a drug is distributed thoughout the body based on the concentration of the drug in the blood. Assumes that the drug concentration in the blood is equal to the drug concentration dispersed throughout the rest of the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The larger the volume of drug distribution, the _______the drug concentration in the blood after distribution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The chemical alteration of drug molecules by the body cells of patients to a metabolite.
a.k.a. biotransformation. Occurs mainly in the liver. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When some drugs change the absorption of other drugs. |
|
|
Term
| Competition for Plasma Proteins |
|
Definition
| Two drugs that both bound to plasma proteins, with one drug having a higher affinity for binding, will leave excess of the other drug in circulation. Could lead to toxic levels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When some drugs affect the kidneys which causes a decrese in excretion of other drugs. Example is diuretics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the same enzyme may be needed to metabolize two drugs that are being given at the same time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decreased responce to a drug |
|
|
Term
Metabolic: drug is metabolized more rapidly with chronic use.
Cellular: decreased cellular receptors with repeated use. |
|
Definition
| The two types of tolerance to a drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Removal of a drug from the body.
a.k.a. elimination
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When drugs are eliminated through the glomerular filtration, tubular excretion, and tubular reabsorption, they are excrete through the? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When drugs are eliminated via passive diffusion from the blood into the liver cells. They go through the? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Perio after the aministration of a rug in which the animal can be sent to slaughter. Calculated based on rug half life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Time required for the amount of rug in the boy to be reduced by half of its orginal level. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some drugs form a chemicle bond with specific cell components on target cells calle? These are 3D proteins that may be located in the cell membrane, the cytoplasm or nucleus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Binds to cell receptors to cause an action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug that inhibits or blocks the responce of a cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Name of the drug based on its chemical make up. Provides scientific and technicle information. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Official identifying name of a drug. Non-proprietary name. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Name given by the drug company. Proprietary name, trade name. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The preperation, mixing, assembling, packaging, and/ or labeling of a drug based on a prescription drug order from a veterinarian for a specific patient. |
|
|
Term
United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
on a drug label means it meets the standards described in the compendium. |
|
Definition
| Official compendium describes thye source, appearence, properties, standards of purity, and other requierments of the most important pure drugs. |
|
|
Term
Drugs Name(generic and trade
Drug concentration & quanity
Name and adress of manufacturer
Manufacturer's control or lot #
Expiration date
Otherm if warranted
-Withdrawl times
-controlled substance status |
|
Definition
| Drug packaging requirements. |
|
|
Term
1) Veterinarian name, adress, phone #, and DEA # if necessary.
2) Client name and adress, patient name and species.
3) Drug name, strength, & quanity to be dispensed
4) Instructions for giving drug to patient.
Number of refills
Veterinary signature
Date of perscription |
|
Definition
| Writteb perscription requierments on label. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The basic unit of the nervous system. |
|
|
Term
| Sensory, Associative, Motor |
|
Definition
| What are the three types of nerurons? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This neuron carries impulses towards the CNS. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This neuron carries impulses from one neruron to another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This neuron carries impulses away from the CNS. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where is the anatomical location of the Central Nervous System. (CNS) |
|
|
Term
cranial nerves & spinal nerves
|
|
Definition
| Where is the anatomical location of the peripheral nervous system. (PNS) ? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The function of this system is to control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and endocrine glands with out conscious control. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The function of this system is to conciously or voluntarily control skeletal muscle. |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
|
Definition
| This system is termed the "fight or flight" system It will cause RR, and HR to increase, pupil dilation, and GI function to decrease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This neurotransmitter is released at the preganglionic synapse. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This receptor, located in the smooth muscles of blood vessels, causes constriction of arterioles (except in the GI tract) which causes BP to increase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in post-ganglionic sympathetic nerve endings, the function of this receptor is to decrease release of norepinephrine causing constriction of skeletal muscles. BP will decrease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This receptor, located in the heart, causes an increase in HR, conduction (electric signal) & contractility. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This receptor, found in the smooth muscle of the lungs, causes dilation of skeletal blood vessels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This receptor, located in renal, mesenteric, & cerebral arteries, causes dilation of coronary vessels, renal blood vessels, and mesenteric bllod vessels. |
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| This system is termed the "homeostatic system". it will return RR, HR, and blood flow to normal. Found in the brainstem region. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This neurotransmitter is release at both pre- and post-ganglionic synapses in the PNS. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This receptor, located in the PNS, stimulates smooth muscle and slows HR. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This receptor, found in the PNS, affects skeletal muscle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These drugs help prevent the occurrence of seizure activity by suppressing the abnormal electrical impulses, but do not eliminate the cause of seizures. |
|
|
Term
| Ataxia, drowainess, & hepatoxicity |
|
Definition
| The side effects of CNS depressants such as anticonvulsants are: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This long-acting barbiturate depresses motor centers of the cerebral cortex. Impairs transmission of impulses across the synapse in the brainstem-inhibiting communication. C-IV controlled substance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What routes are available for Phenobarbital administration? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This short-acting barbiturate is a C-II controlled substance administered IV. It can cause irritation if given perivascularly. Seen commonly in euthenasia solution. |
|
|
Term
| respiratory depression & hypothermia. |
|
Definition
| Side effects of Pentobarbital. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This drug is similar to phenobarbital structurally. given PO, and can induce liver enzymes that raise its own & other drug metabolism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C-IV controlled subatsnace used for status epilepticus (IV) and then followeed by PO therapy. Increases GABA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C-IV controlled substance. Used orally for adjunct anticonvulsant therapy & behavior phobias. Side effects include sedation and ataxia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used as adjunct anticonvulsant therapy. Takes several days to reach therapeutic state. Loading dose then maintenece dose required. Side effects include elctrolyte imbalences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oral anticonvulsant that increases blood levels of GABA. Limited use in vet med due to side effects. Blood work is necessary on this drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rarely used in vet med due to side effects. Anticonvulsants effects only noted after accumulation of doses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Calms animals; used to reduce anxiety and aggression. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decreases irratability & excitment, may provide analgesic effects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lesson anxiousness but does not make the animal drowsy. |
|
|
Term
| Phenothiazine derivatives |
|
Definition
| These drugs block dopamine & alpha-1 receptors found in smooth muscle of peripheral blood vessels. They cause sedation and relieve fear. They do not cause analgesia. Commonly used prior to minor procedures or as pre-anesthetic agents. |
|
|
Term
| Phenothiazine derivatives |
|
Definition
| These types of drugs can cause paraphimosis (penile prolapse in horses). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These anti-anxiety drugs are C-IV controlled substances. They produce muscle relaxation and have some anti-convulsant activity. Sometimes used as appetite stimulants in cats. They do not provide analgesia. An example of this drug class is Diazepam. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reversal agaent for benzodiazepines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This drug class binds to alpha-2 receptors on neurons to prevent release of norepinephrine. They produce calming effects, some analgesia, and muscle relaxation. They decrease ability to respond to stimuli. An example is: Xylazine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This drug can be combined with ketamine for short term procedures in horses and cats. It produces analgesia in horses but vomitting in cats. It can slow insulin secretion which causes transient hyperglycemia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the reversal agenet for Xylazine (Rompun)? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This drug produces better analgesia in horses. Labaled for sedation in horses, but horses can still respond to stimuli. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Labled for sedation and analgesia in dogs over 12 weeks old. Used for minor surgical procedures and restraint. It initialy causes BP to rise and HR to lower. The IV and IM doses are different! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reversal agent for Medetomadine (Domitor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Opioid or opioid like substances that require a prescription. They work on the CNS. Used for moderate-severe pain in smooth muscle, organs, & bones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Less potent then narcotics, not addictive, and work on the PNS receptor sites. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Naturally obtained from the poppy plant. They produce analgesia and sedation, & relieve anxiety. They produce their action on opioid receptors located in nervous tissues. Cats and horses are very sensitive to them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in pain areas of the brain. Cause analgesia, euphoria, respiratory depression, & physical dependence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in cerebral cortex and spinal cord. Produce analgesia, sedation & miosis (constriction of pupils) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in the brain, this opioid receptor controls whinning, hallucinations, and struggling effects. May cause mydriasis (dilation of pupils) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What are the 3 opioid receptors? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This drug can be used as an anti-diarrheal in calves. C-II controlled substance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C-II controlled substance that is a Mu agonist. Used for severe pain. Pre-anesthetic & anesthetic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C-II controlled substance that is a Mu agonist with a short duration of action. Used for acute pain. Extra-label use in animals. Pre-anesthetic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A C-II controlled substance that is a semi-synthetic opioid that is 5x more potent then morphine. Mu agonist. it is used post op to produce sedation & offset moderate-severe pain. Duration of action is 4 hours.
|
|
|
Term
| Butorphanol (Torbugesic) (Torbutrol) |
|
Definition
| C-IV controlled substance, synthetic opioid with kappa and mu receptor activity. It is not a very strong analgesic. Short duration of action. Can be used as a analgesic, pre-anasthetic, & antitussive. |
|
|
Term
| Hydrocodone (Tussigon) (Hycodan) |
|
Definition
| C-III controlled substance, synthetic opioid, used as an antitussive. When combined with acetaminophen it makes Vicodin for use in humans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C-II controlled substance that is a sunthetic opioid 200x more potent than morphine. Used as an analgesic/ tranquilizer & chemical restraint. Available as a transdermal patch. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C-III controlled substance that provides long term analgesia (8-10 hours) Used post-op. Side effects are rae but include respiratory depression. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C-III controlled substance that is a synthetic opioid used as an antitussive in dogs. It can be combined with acetaminophen for pain relief in humans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C-V controlled substance that is a synthetic opioid. When combined with atropine it makes an antidiarrheal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Known as narcotic antagonists, they block the binding of opioids to their receptors. Used to treat respiratory and CNS depression caused by opioid use. Given IV for rapid onset of action. Examples include Naloxone & Naltrexone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This drug is given IV or IM and has a high affinity for mu receptors. It reverses Meperidine, morphine, & oxymorphone. |
|
|
Term
Neuroleptanalgesics
Ex: Xylazine--> butorphanol
Acepromazine--> morphine |
|
Definition
| This class of drugs are a combination of an opioid & a tranquilizer or sedative. They cause CNS depression and analgesia. Opioid anatgainists can reverse their opioid effects. Veterinarians tend to make their own. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This local anesthetic is for topical use and injection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This local anesthetic is for opthalmic use. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This local anesthetic is used topicaly applied to skin and can also be opthlamic or otic solution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This local anesthetic has a longer onset and is used in epidurals and as oral nerve blocks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CNS depressants used as anti-convulsants, anesthetics, & euthenasia solutions. Can be long or short acting. Can cause cardiovascular & respiratiry depression. Highly irritating to perivascular tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C-III controlled substance that is an ultra short acting thiobarbiturate. Lasts 5-30 minutes. Has to be reconstituted. Caution in sighthounds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C-III controlled substance that is an oxybarbiturate similar to ultra short acting thiobarbiturate. Used in sight hounds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This class of drugs cause muscle rigidity, amnesia, and mild analgesia. Used only for restraint, diagnostic procedures and minor surgeries. Can cause minor cardiac stimulation, respiratory depression and exaggerated reflexes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C-III controlled substance approved for use in primates and cats. Need to use an eye lubricant when in use. Usually used in combination with drugs like ace, xylazine, and/ or diazepam. |
|
|
Term
| Tiletamine (Found in Telazol) |
|
Definition
This is a C-III controlled substance used as an approved anesthetic for dogs and cats. Pain at injection site usually occurs. IV, SQ, IM
|
|
|
Term
| Ketamine/ Valium (Ket/ val) |
|
Definition
| Mixture prepared in clinics for IV induction using equal volumes. Best if prepeared just before injection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ultra short acting drug that produces a rapid, smooth induction when given IV. Caution needs to be taken in cats because it can only be given one time, it can not be in bolus due to the preservatives. |
|
|
Term
| Minimal alveolar concentraion (MAC) |
|
Definition
| Inhalation anesthetics are compared on this value which is minimal concentration of anesthetic that produces no responce to stimuli in 50% of patients. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An inhalation anesthetic with a high______________, will have a longer induction/ recovery time because the agent must first saturate the blood before becoming available to tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This inhalation anesthetic is also called " laughing gas". It is stored in blue cylinders. Diffuses rapidly through the body filling hollow organs. Not reccomended for GDV, pneumothorax, or twisted intestines. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This inhalation anaesthetic is non-flamable which causes rapid induction and short recoveries. Planes of anestheisa can change rapidly.n Pre-medicating before use will allow for a smoother recovery. One of the most commonly used inhalation anesthetics in veterinary medicine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is a non-flamable inhalation anesthetic with few cardiovascualr side effects. It enters the blood stream quickly and escapes to the brain. It is good for mask induction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This CNS stimulant stimulates the brainstem to increase respiration in animals with apnea. Used in neonates born via C-section. |
|
|
Term
Methylxanthine
Ex: Theophyline (Theo-dur)
Aminophyline |
|
Definition
| This CNS stimulant is used a bronchodilator but can cause GI irritation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Natural responce of living tissue to injury or infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance that can inititate a fever. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pyrogen that is caused by a forign substance such as bacteria or virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pyrogen that is a chemical mediator inside the body such as prostaglandin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hormones that are produced by the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH secretion by anterior pituitary. Raises BG. |
|
|
Term
| Steroidal Anti-inflammatories |
|
Definition
| These drugs block the action of the enzyme phopholipase which is an enzyme that damages cell membranes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These drugs are potent anti-inflammatories that treat conditions such as: allergic responses, pruritis, anaphylaxis. and inflammatory conditions such as: autoimmune disease, shock, occular inflammation, and spinal cord inflammation. |
|
|
Term
| Autonomic nervous system drugs |
|
Definition
| These drugs work by acting like neurotransmitters or interfering with neurotransmitter release. They affect the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 1 inch is equal to how many centimeters. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1 kilogram is equal to how many pounds |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1 pound is equal to how many ounces |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1 grain is equal to how many miligrams |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1 ounce is equal to how many grams |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1 gram is equal to how many grains |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1 cup is equal to how many ounces. |
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|
Term
| Approximately 30 mililiters |
|
Definition
| 1 ounce is equal to how many mililiters |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1 mililiter is equal to how many centimeters |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1 teaspoon is equal to how many miiliters |
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Term
|
Definition
| This cholinergic drug controls vomitting and aids in gastric emptying. |
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Term
|
Definition
| This cholinergic drug is used in opthalmic solutions to decrease intraoccular pressure seen in glaucoma. |
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Term
|
Definition
| This anticholinergic drug is used as a pre-anesthetic to prevent bradycardia, it decreases salvation, dilates pupils, controls cilary responce, and decreases GI motility. |
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Term
|
Definition
| This anticholinergic drug is similar to atropine but has a longer duration. Used to treat bradycardia. |
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|
Term
| Aminopentamide (Centrine) |
|
Definition
| this anticholinergic drug is used to control diarrhea and vomitting. |
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Term
|
Definition
| These drugs stimulate the action of the sympathetic nervous system by working on the adrenergic receptors located in smooth muscle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Naturally occuring catecholamine that affects alpha-1, beta-1, and beta-2 receptors. Used in ER situations for cardiac resuscitation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Naturally occuring catecholamine that is an injectable drug used to increase blood pressure. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Adrenergic drug used to treat shock, & congestive heart failure. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Adrenergic drug used to treat heart failure. |
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|
Term
| Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) (Proin) |
|
Definition
| Adrenergic drug used to treat urinary incontinence |
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Term
|
Definition
| Adrenergic drug used to treat brochospasm by producing bronchodilation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A responce mechanism that serves to maintain a state of internal constancy. Most common form of regulation in endocrine system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A responce mechanism that results in the amplification of an initial change. Results in avalanche-like effects. |
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Term
|
Definition
| These hormones regulate growth & proper functioning of thyroid, gonads, & various endocrine glands. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Blood glucose is regulated in a naqrrow range by; |
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Term
|
Definition
| Responds to a rise in BG levels by using glucose for energy in cells and storage of glucose in liver as glucagon. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Increases BG levels by promoting the breakdown of liver glycogen into glucose. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Carb, protein, & fat metabolism caused by lack of or insufficient use of insulin in animals. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Raised blood glucose, glucouria, PU/ PD, and weight loss are signs of: |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used to initialy treat DKA & control BG until animal is stabalized. Duration of action is about 1/2 hr to 2 hr. |
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Term
| Intermediate-acting insulin |
|
Definition
| Used to control BG in uncomplicated cases of Diabetes Mellitus. Duration of action in dogs is 6-24 hrs and cats, 4-10 hr. |
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Term
|
Definition
Poorly absorbed from the tissue, therefore it maintains a long-lasting BG level. Duration of action in dogs is 6-28hr, and cats, 6-24 hr.
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Term
|
Definition
| Animals growth & reproduction are regulated by hormones produced in the: |
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Term
|
Definition
| Affect many metabolic, growth, reproductive, & immune functions. Help regulate fat & carbohydrate metabolism. Help regulate heat production. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dull coat, symmetrical hair loss, weight gain w/o increase in appetite, listlessness, intolerance to cold, reproductive failure, and skin more susceptable to dermatitis and pyoderma etc are signs of: |
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Term
|
Definition
| This disease is diagnosed through blood work, measuring T4, T3, & TSH. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Usually seen in cats, signs of this disease include PU/PD, weight loss, voracious appetite, tachycardia,vocalization, and restlessness. |
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Term
|
Definition
| This is the principle mineralcorticoid which acts to conserve Na+ ions &H20. |
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Term
|
Definition
| This disease is caused by too little hormones produced. Progressive condition associated with adrenal atrophy usually caused by immune mediated inflammation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| This disease is caused by adrenal tumors, pituitary tumors, or long-term administration of corticosteroids. |
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|
Term
| Proestrus-->Estrus--> Metestrus--> Diestrus--> Anestrus |
|
Definition
| Name the Estrous cycle in order of what happens. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When graafian follicle present with estrogen, the predominent hormone. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Where ova are produced in the ovary. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When corpus luteum is present with progesterone the predominent hormone. |
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Term
GnRH
(gonadatropin-releasing hormone) |
|
Definition
| The hypothalmus releases this in responce to stimuli such as daylight length & feedback mechanisms. |
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|
Term
FSH
(follicle stimulating hormone) |
|
Definition
| This causes growth & maturation of ovarian follicles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| This causes ovulation of mature follicles & formation of corpus luteum. |
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Term
|
Definition
| This breaks down the CL at the end of pregnancy & at the end of diestrus in non-pregnant animals. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Male sex hormones produced in testes, ovaries, & adrenal cortex. |
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Term
|
Definition
| This hormone is used in vet medicine to treat infertility & hypogonadism. It is a C-III controlled substance. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Side effects of using this hormone include; perianal tumors, prostatic disorders, & behavior changes. |
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Term
| Zinc gluconate neutralized by arginine. (Neutersol) |
|
Definition
| This is used as an injecctable chemicle sterilant that is injected into the testicles of 3-10mo old male dogs. It causes atropy of the tetsicles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| This hormone is produced by the ovaries, testicles, adrenal cortex, & placenta. Promotes female sex characteristics, stimulates and maintains reproductive tract, and is necessary for uterine contractions in responce to oxytocin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| This female hormone is produced & secreted after ovulation which lowers uterine activity when the female is in estrus or pregnant. |
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Term
|
Definition
| This causes CL lysis which result in lower progesterone levels initiating a new estrus cycle. It should NOT be used in pregnant women. |
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Term
| Growth Promoting hormones. |
|
Definition
| Anabolic agents which improve efficiency in the rate of conversion from food to tissue. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used for tissue buildong in dogs, cats, & horses with anorexia, weight loss, and debilitation. Also promotes RBC formation. C-III controlled substance. |
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|
Term
Antisalogues
(saliva-stopping) |
|
Definition
| Anticholinergic drugs which block the effect of ACh therby reducing GI motility & decreasing secretions. Ex: Glycopyrolate. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A result of the intestinal tract's failure to adequately absorb fluids from intestinal contents. |
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|
Term
| Antidiarrheals, probiotics, & antibiotics. |
|
Definition
| These three types of medications help with diarrhea. |
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Term
|
Definition
| These decrease peristalsis allowing fluid absorption. |
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Term
|
Definition
| hese block ACh from the PNS nerve endings, thereby lowering GI secretions & motility, which helps with tenesmus. |
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|
Term
Protectants/ absorbents
(Antidiarrheals) |
|
Definition
| A substance administered to absorb gases, toxins, bacteria, etc from GI tract. Exaples; Bismuth, activated charcoal. . |
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Term
Opiate-related agents.
(Antidiarrheal) |
|
Definition
| Analgesics that control diarrhea by lowering intestinal secretions & flow of feces. Bringing up segmental contractions which bring up intestinal absorption. Example; Imodium. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Preperations containing benificial bacteria that help re-seed the gut. Based on the theory that some diarrhea is due to the disruptpon of the normal GI flora. Ex; Plain yogurt, FortiFlora. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Antibiotic that is effective against anaerobic bacteria. Used as an antidiarrheal on the theory that the normal flora may go higher then the number of anaerobic bacteria. |
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Term
Laxatives
(Stool Loosening) |
|
Definition
| This class of drugs loosen the bowel contents & encourages evacuation of stool. |
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Term
|
Definition
| This class of drugs includes these 4 categories; Osomotic, stimulant, bulk forming, & emollients. |
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|
Term
Osmotic Laxatives
(Hyperosmotics) |
|
Definition
| This type of laxative uses salt to pull water into the colon thereby raising water content in the feces which will cause a rise in bulk & stimulate peristalsis. Example: Lactulose. |
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Term
|
Definition
| This laxative can be used to lower amonia in liver disease patients. Not reccomended for cats & other aniamls wit CHF or CRF. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| This category of laxatives increases peristalsis. Example: Ducolax (Bisacodyl) |
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Term
|
Definition
| This category of laxatives are natural or semi-synthetic substances that absorb water into the intestine, increase fecal bulk, stimlate peristalsis, & most contain psyllium, or plantage seed. xample: Metamucil, Bran |
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Term
|
Definition
This catagory of laxatives are stool softners which reduce stool surface tension, reduce water absoption through the colon & lubricate. Examples: Ducosate sodium (DDS) & mineral oil.
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Term
Antiemetics
(Vomit stopping) |
|
Definition
| This class of drugs helps control vomitting. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Vomitting is controlled by this part of the brain with ACh ss the neurotransmitter. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Which cranial nevre is stimulated to cause vomitting? |
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|
Term
Phenothiazine derivatives
(Antiemetics) |
|
Definition
| This catagory of antiemetics inhibit dopamine in the CRTZ (Chemoreceptor trigger zone) decreasing stimulation to vomit. Examples: cepromazine, & Chlorpromazine. |
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|
Term
Antihistamines
(Antiemetics) |
|
Definition
| This catagory of antiemetics is used in small animals to control motion sickness, vaccine reactions, & inner ear problems. They work to block input from vestibular system to the CRTZ. Examples: Benadryl, Dramaine. |
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|
Term
Procainamide derivatives
(Antiemetics) |
|
Definition
| This cataory of antiemetics block the chmeoreceptor trigger zone & speed up gastric emptying They strengthen cardia sphinter tone and raise gastric contractions. Example: Reglan |
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|
Term
Serotonin Receptor Antagonists
(Antiemetics) |
|
Definition
| This catagory of aniemetics block serotonin receptors peripherally & centrally. Examples: Zofran, Anzemet. |
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Term
|
Definition
| This antiemetic drug is a neurokinin (NK1) receptor antagonist that is centraly acting. SQ and PO formulations. |
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Term
Emetics
(Vomit producers) |
|
Definition
| This class of drugs induce vomiting either centrally or peripherally. Used in the treatment of poisoning, toxicity, and drug overdose. |
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Term
|
Definition
| This catagory of emeics stimulates dopamine receptors in the CRTZ. Examples: Apomorphine, Xylazine in cats. |
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|
Term
| Periherally acting emetics. |
|
Definition
| This catagory of emetic drugs cause irritation to the gastric mucosa & centrally stimulate the CRTZ. Example: Syrup of Ipecac. |
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Term
|
Definition
| This class of drugs promote ulcer healing by neutralizing HCl & reducing pepsin activity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| This catagory of antacids are absorbed into the blood. |
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Term
|
Definition
| This catagory of antacids remain in the GI tract. Examples: Milk of magnesia, Maalox, Amphogel. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| This catagory of antacids prevent acid reflux by blocking H2 receptors of gastric parietal cells. Examples: Famotadine, Tagament, Zantac. |
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|
Term
| Mucosal protectant antacids |
|
Definition
| This catagory of antacids are pepsin inhibitors. Example: Sulcralfate (Carafate) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| This mucosal protectant antacid drug is a derivative of sucrose thats non-absorbable & combines with protein to form adherent substance that covers the ulcer. |
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|
Term
| Prostaglandin Analog antacids |
|
Definition
| This catagory of antacids supress gastric secretions & raise mucus production in GI tract. |
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|
Term
| Proton Pump inhibitors (PPI's) |
|
Definition
| This catagory of antacid drugs inhibits H ion transport into the stomach so cells can not secret HCl. Examples: Prilosec, Prevacid. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| This class of drugs reduce or prevent foam formation. Used in ruminants that are subject to frothy bloat. Examples: Polaxaline, Polymerized methyl silcone, & mineral oil. |
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|
Term
Prokinetic Agents
(Motility enhancers) |
|
Definition
This class of drugs increase GI motility to enhance movement of material through it. Examples: Dopaminergic antagonists, parasympathomimetics, & serotonergc agents.
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|
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Term
|
Definition
| These may need to be supplemented into the dietof a patient with pancreatic exocine insufficiency. |
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Term
|
Definition
| This class of muscle function drugs are used to reieve signs of redness, pain, swelling, heat, and decreased range of motion. Can be steroidal or non-steroidla. |
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|
Term
| Steroidal anti-inflammatories. |
|
Definition
| This catagory of anti-inflammatory drugs are corticosteroids that have anti-inflammatory effects, Examples: Prednisone, Dexamethasone. |
|
|
Term
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories. |
|
Definition
| This catagory of anti-inflammatory drugs are synthetic products that are unrelated to substances produced by the body. they inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. Eamples: Rimadyl, Metacam. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| This class of drugs is used to paralyze muscles. Given IV to paralyze muscles by disrupting the trasmission of nerve impulses from motor nerves to skeletal muscle fibers. Examples: Panacuronium, Neostigmine. |
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|
Term
Spasmolytics
(Spasm stopping) |
|
Definition
| This class of drugs stop spasms. Used to treat accute episodes of muscle spasticity associated with neurological & musculoskeltal disorders. Example: Robaxin. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| This class of drugs can be used as prention or treatment for malignant hyperthermia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This claas of drugs promote tissue building which increases muscle mass. C-III controlled substance. Used also to promote growth, counteract post-surgical debility, & treat diseases such as muscle atrophy, & orthopedic conditions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| his anabolic steroid can be used to stimulate RBC production. |
|
|
Term
Intracellular fluid
(ICF) |
|
Definition
| Fluid within the cell. 2/3 of fluid in body. |
|
|
Term
Extracellular fluid
(ECF) |
|
Definition
| Intrvacsular fluid and intestinal fluid together. 1/3 of fluid in body. Found in plasma and between cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sodium defficiency. Low Na intake or excessive loss through volume. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Potassium deficiency. Low K intake over time, or loss through GI or urine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This route for fluid therapy is for short term illness on small animals and neonates. Given by tube, bottle feeding, nasogastric tube, or gastrostomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This route for fluid administration is for mild to moderate dehydration, not for large amounts of fluids. 5-10mls/lb Isotonic fluid only. No additives! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This route for fluid administration is administered to the flank area or between scapulae but can really be given anywhere. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used for moderately to severe dehydrated animals, and hypovolemic animals. A catheter must be placed. Watch for fluid overload. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Route used in small animals, birds, and pocket pets. Fluids go directly into bone marrow. |
|
|
Term
Femur( trochanteric fossa)
Humerous (greater tubercle) |
|
Definition
| hen using the intraosseous oute, these bones are usually used. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What must be avoided when administering an intraosseous injection? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| This route is used in young animals but not if they have diarrhea. It has great eletrolyte absorption but difficult to keep fluids in. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This route can be used as a last resort if you can not get a vein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This route is usually used on rats and mice. Useful if IV access is not available. Isotonic fluids. |
|
|
Term
| Just lateral to midline. Between the umbilicus and pelvis. |
|
Definition
| This is where an intraperitoneal injection should be administered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This tyoe of fluid is sodium based electrolyte solutions. Glucose in water. Similair to plasma fluid. Can be isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Same as fluid component of blood and extracellular water. No change in osmolality of blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lower osmolality of blood. May cause RBC swelling. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Jigher osmolality of blood. Causes RBC to shrink. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 0.9% NcCl, Lactated ringers solution, Normosol, and Plasmalyte are akk eamples of what type of fluids? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 5% dextrose in water(DSW), and 0.45% saline are examples of what types of fluids? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 0.9% Na with 5% dextose, & 3% normal saline are examples of what type of fluids? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Signs of this problem include: dyspnea, tachypnea, fluid in the SQ space, or weight gain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluids with large molecules. Caused fluid to move into vascular space. Increases osomotic oressure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plasma, albumin, and whole blood are what types of fluids? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This can be stored for years. It contains albumin and lobulins. Used in treatment of liver disease with coagulation factor deficienc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only human products available so must be careful and can be fatal. Type of colloid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increases HCT in anemic animals. Expires in 28-0 days. Blood typing is recommended. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This synthetic colloid is a large polysaccharide from sugar beets. Comes in 2 cncentrations: and 40 and 70.Example: Hetastarch. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Purified polymerized bovine hemoglobin. Distributes O2 via plasma rather than RBC's. Does not require blood typing or ross matching. Contraindicated with CHF. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical substances that have the capability to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Capacity to kill miororganisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibit the growth of microorganisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antimicrobials for bacteria are called? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antibiotics are described by their? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Resists decolorization by Grm stain process. Stain purple. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decolorized by the Gram stain process and stai pink-red. |
|
|
Term
| Narrow Spectrum antibiotics. |
|
Definition
| Drugs specified for either Gram (+) or Gram (-) bacteria are considered? |
|
|
Term
Broad Spectrum Antibiotics.
|
|
Definition
| Drugs used for both Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria are considered? |
|
|
Term
| Render the bacteria helpless without causing harm to the patient. |
|
Definition
| Goal of antibiotic therapy: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Test used to measure a bacteria's sensitivity to an antibiotic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kirby Bauer sensitivuty test outcome where the antibiotic doe not work against these bacteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kirby Bauer Sensitivity test outcome where the antibiotic may work against these bacteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kirby Bauer Sensitivity test outcome where antibitoics do work against these bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) |
|
Definition
| The lowest concentration of an antibiotic that will at least inhibit the growth of bacteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
This activity or type of antibiotic will inhibit cell wall synthesis.
|
|
|
Term
| Bactericidal or bacteriostatic |
|
Definition
| The activity or type of this antibiotic damage cell membrane. |
|
|
Term
| Bactericidal or bacteriostatic |
|
Definition
| The activity or type of this antibiotic inhibit protein sythesis of bacteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This activity or type of antibiotic interfere with metabolism of bacteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The activity or type of this antibiotic cause impairment of nucelic acids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This occurs when bacteria change in some way that reduces or eliminates the effectiveness of the medication. |
|
|
Term
The medication is not used properly
When used with a viral infection..
Not administered at a proper dose.
Not administered for the proper length of tme. |
|
Definition
| Antibiotic resistance can occur if: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The presence of a chemical or its metabolites in animal tissue or food products. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This type of antibiotic affect the cell walls of bacteria & do not attack the host since animal cells do not have cell walls. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Bacitracin and Vancomycin are what class of antibiotics?
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This type of antibiotic is derived from natural and sythetic derivations of molds. It is active against Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria. Can only be given parenterally. Narrow spectrum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most common type of penicillian antibiotic administered. |
|
|
Term
| Broad Spectrum Penicillians. |
|
Definition
| Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, & Methicillin are categorized as this type of penicillians. |
|
|
Term
| Beta-lactamase resistant penicillians. |
|
Definition
| Oxacillin & Floxacillin are narrow spectrum antibiotic categorized as these penicillians. |
|
|
Term
| Potientiated Penicillians |
|
Definition
| This category of penicillians are combined with another drug to enhance the effect of both. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clavamox and Augmentin are examples of this category of penicillian antibiotics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Semi-synthetic broad spectrum antibiotics that interfere with cell wall sythesis. Classified in 1st-4th generations. Animals allergic to penicillians will likely be allergic to these. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cefe-drops, Kerflex, & Cefazolin are examples of this category of antibiotics in the cell wall agents class.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This category of antibiotics in the cell wall agents class work against Gram (+) bacteria, are toxic to kidneys, used as a topical for skin, mucus membraes and eyes. Also used as a food additive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
This is used against many Gram (+) bacteria on infections that are resistant to toxic antibiotics such as penicillians and cephalosporins.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This class of antibiotics attack the cell membrane of bacteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This example of a cell membrane agent antibiotic is effective against Gram (-) bacteria only and is usualy combined with neomycin & bacitracin to create a wide spectrum topical medication. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Agents that interfere with the protein synthesis in the bacterial cell are in this class of antibiotics.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol, Florfenicol, Macrolides, & Lincosamides are examples of this class of antibiotics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This category of Protein Sythesis agent antibiotics are derived from species of streptomyces microbes. Used extensivel to treat Gram (-) bacterial infections. Highly toxic to kidneys, Examples include: Gentamicin, Neomycin, & Amikacin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This category of Protein Sythesis agent antibiotics should not be given to cats who are prone to renal failure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This category of Protein-Synthesis Agent antibiotics are broad spectrum and have anti-rickettsial properties. Theya re bacteriostatic, slow bone development and cause discoloration of teeth. Example: Doxycycline used for kenne cough, tick fever, & lyme Dz. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This category of Proten Sythesis Agent antibiotics is broad spectrm. suppresses blood cell formation in bone marrow and can cause aplastic anemia in humans. Banned from use in food-producing animals. Must wear gloves when handling. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This category of Protein-Synthesis agents is synthetic, broad spectrum, and used to treat bovine respiratory disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
This category of Protein Sythesis agent antibiotics can cause stomah upset. Examples include: Erythromycin, Tylosin, & Tilmicosin.
|
|
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Term
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Definition
| This category of Protein Synthesis agent antibiotics are produced from a different strain of streptomyces than macrolides or aminoglycosides. they work against Gram (+) bacteria. Examples include: Lincomycin, & Clindamycin, |
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Term
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Definition
| This class of antibiotics interfere with bacterial nucleic acid. This includes Quinolones, & Fluoroquinolones. |
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Term
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Definition
Erofloxacin (Baytrl), Ciprofloxacin (Cipro), Orbifloxacin (Orbax), & Marbofloxacin( Zeniquin) are examples of what class of antibiotics?
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Term
| Miscellaneous Antibiotics |
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Definition
| This class of antibiotivs include Nitofurans, are broad spectrum, less potent than other antibiotivs, & are prohibited from use in food animals because they may induce carciogenic residues in animal tissue. |
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Term
| Miscellaneous Antibiotics |
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Definition
| Nitofurzone, Nitrofurantoin, Nitrpimidazols, and Rifampin are exampes of which class of antibiotics? |
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Term
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Definition
| Metronidazole is in this category of Miscellaneous antibiotics. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of medicine used to fight against fungus. |
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Term
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Definition
| This type of fungal infection is diagnosed through test edia or microscopic identification. |
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Term
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Definition
This type of fungal infection is identified through serology.
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Term
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Definition
| This category of antifungals bind to fungal cell membrane. Examples include: Nystatin & Amphotericin B |
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Term
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Definition
| This category of antifungals cause leakage of fungal cell membrane. Identifided by "-azole" in generic name. Examples include: Ketoconazole, Miconazole, Itraconazole, & Fluconazole. |
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Term
| Antimetabolic Antifungals |
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Definition
| This category of antifungals is given orally & topically in combination with other antifungals to treat Cryptococcus infections. Example: Flucytosine. |
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Term
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Definition
| This category of antifungals include Griseofulvin which teats dermatophyte infections (ringworm). |
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Term
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Definition
| These are limited to use in vet med and work by prventing viral penetration of the host cell. Inhibits virus production of RN or DNA. Examples include: Acylovir, Tamiflu, & Interferon. |
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Term
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Definition
| This kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms on inanimate objects. |
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Term
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Definition
| This kills or inhibits growth of microorganims on livng tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
This is a chemical that kills microorganims.
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical that kills viruses. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical that kills fungi. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical that kills spores which are especially resistant to chemicals. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the first antiseptic that is effective against Gam (+) bacteria, some Gram (-) bacteria, fungi, & some enveloped viruses. Not effectie against parvo. Example: Lysol. |
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Term
| Quaternary Ammonium Compounds |
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Definition
This type of disinfectant is effective against Gram (+) & Gram (-) bacteria. Not effective on spores, fungi, and non-enveloped viruses. Not usually irritating to skin. Example: Roccal-D
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Term
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Definition
| Gluteraldehydes used to disinfect instruments in cold steriization and on fiberoptics. Sporicidal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to disinfect instruments in gas or solution. Can also be used as tissue floatation agent. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a gas used for chemical sterilization. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used on Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria. Used on enveloped viruses, not for antiseptic purposes, and can cause pain and has denaturing effect on proteins. Usally 70% solution used. |
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Term
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Definition
| This disinfectant kills bacteria, fungi, viruses, & spores. Found in bleach & usually used in 1:10 dilution. Example: Chlorine (Chlorox) |
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Term
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Definition
| This halogen disinfectant is usually mixed with water or alcohol to form brown solution. Commonly used as a topical antiseptic. Example: Betadine, Povidine. |
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Term
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Definition
| This type of disinfectant is effective vs. bacteria, some fungi, & enveloped viruses. Commonly used in surgical scrub. xample: Chlorhexidine (Nolvasan). |
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Term
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Definition
| This disinfectant kills anaerobic bacteria in deep wounds, but should limit use because it can damage animal tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| These disinfectants have limited bactericidal activity and their main function is to mechanicaly remove microbes. |
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Term
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Definition
| These parasites live on the surface of the host. They cause external parasite infesations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thisd type of parasite lives nside the body and cause internal parasite infections. |
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Term
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Definition
| This tye of endoparasite is a worm found primarily in the GI tract, liver, lungs, & circulatory system. There are 2 major groups: Nematodes & Platyhelminths. |
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Term
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Definition
This slender tube like, non-segmented endoparasite is transmitted through anthropods. Example: Roundworms.
Ascarids, Trichuris, Ancylostoma, Stroggyle, & Dirofilaria. |
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Term
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Definition
| This type of endoparasite can live in the GI tract or other body tissues. Example: Flatworms. Two kindsL Cestodes: tapeworms, & Trematodes: flukes. |
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Term
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Definition
| This class of drugs are categorized by the type of parasite they work against. |
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Term
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Definition
| This category of antiparasitics kill worm parasites, and are further categoriezed into antinematodal, anticestodal. & antitrematodal. |
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Term
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Definition
| This category of Antinematodal drugs interfere with worm's energy metabolism. Given PO in repeated doses. Examples: Thiabendazole, Oxibendazole, Mebendazole, & Fenbendazole. |
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Term
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Definition
| This category of antinematodal drugs are probiotics which are metabolized in the animal's body to benzimadazole. Example: Febantel: Dronta Plus. |
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Term
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Definition
| This category of antinematodal drugs is an anticholinergic used to paralyze the parasite. It treats ascarids, strongyles, whipworms, & hookworms. It is not ovicidal. |
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Term
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Definition
| This category of antinematoadal drugs is a cholinergic agonist that mimics the action of Ach which will initialy stimulate and then paralyze the worm. Treats ascarids, pinworms, strongyles, & hookworms. Example: Strongid-T. |
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Term
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Definition
| This category of antinematodal drugs is used vs. both endoparasites and ectoparasites. Should be used with caution in all species. eurotoxic to parasites, but it can cause some neurologic side effects in host animals. Example: Task & Baymix. |
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Term
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Definition
| This category of antinematodals is only used to eradicate ascarids in all species. Essentialy nontoxic so it is sold OTC. Examples: Hartz-Health measures. |
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Term
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Definition
| This category of antinematodals causes paralysis & death to the parasite. Example: Ivermectin. Heartgard, Ivomec. |
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Term
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Definition
| This parasite consists of a head( scolex), neck, & segments (proglottids). It increases in length by producing new segmens from the neck area. Therefore the oldest segments are at the distal end of the worm. |
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Term
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Definition
| This category of antiparasitic drugs includes Praziquantel which increases cell membrane permeability and will cause the worm to disintegrate. |
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Term
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Definition
| This parasite is named for the area it effects. It has an immediate host which is usually a snail. |
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Term
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Definition
| This category of antiparasitics includes examples such as: Clorsulon which is used for liver flukes in cattle. Albendazole, also treats liver flukes in cattle but not effective vs. some nematodes. |
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Term
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Definition
| This parasite is a protozoa that causes various intestinal disorders, dome serious, and even fatal. It has a complex life cycle which makes it hard to treat. Sanitation and disinfection of environment are very important in treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| This category of antiparasitic drugs consist of sulfa drugs. Works at various stages of coccidian life cycle. Usually given orally in feed, water, or by liquid or tablets. Examples: Albon, Rumensin, & Deccox. |
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Term
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Definition
| This category of antiparasitics works against giardia and Babesia spp. Examples include: |
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Term
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Definition
| This disease affects dogs, cats & ferrets. Caused by Dirofilaria immitis. Transmitted by mosquitoes. Adults live in pulmonary artery but can be found in RT ventricle, and RT atrium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Low doses of Ivermectin (6mcg/ kg) are used as? |
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Term
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Definition
| Moderate does of Ivermectin (50mcg/ kg) are used for? |
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Term
| Kills most internal parasites. |
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Definition
| High doses of Ivermectin (200mcg/kg) are used for? |
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Term
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Definition
| This heartworm medication can be used as a monthly preventitive. Also effective against hookworms, nematodes, & whipwroms. |
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Term
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Definition
| This heartworm preventitive is used as a monthly preventitive that also contains lufenuron for flea control. |
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Term
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Definition
| This monthly heartworm preventitive is applied topicaly & absorbed systemically. It also controls fleas, ear mites, & sarcoptic mange. It has some tick preventitive activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| This six month heartworm medication is an injection that interupts early larval development. It was taken off the market at one point but is now available again. |
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Term
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Definition
| These heartworm drugs are used to treat early adult heartworm that may have developed in the right ventricle because of improper or no use of preventitives. Caution should be use when treating dogs with a large # of heartworms because it can cause caval syndrome. |
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Term
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Definition
Flies (bots & maggots), grubs, lice, fleas, mites, ticks, & mosquitoes are what type of parasite?
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Term
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Definition
| This type of antiparasidal can be oral, or externally applied through spays, dips, pour-ons, ear tags, spot-ons, shampoos, dusts & foggers. After application, the animal should be monitored for any adverse reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Initial defense, physical barriers such as intact skin, mucus production, inflammation, fever, & phagocytosis of foreign bodies are examples of what type of immunity? |
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Term
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Definition
Defense vs. specific antigen, B- and T-lymphocytes, and there are 4 ways to aquire this are examples of what type of immunity?
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Term
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Definition
| This arrises when an animal receives an antigen that activates B- and T-Lymphocytes & causes animal to produce antibodies. Takes time to develop, but lasts a relatively long time due to memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| This arises when an animal receives antibodies from another anmal. Provides immediate protection, but for shorter periods of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| This type of immunity is aquired through during normal biological experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| This type of immunity is aquired through medical procedures. |
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Term
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Definition
| These are a suspension of weakened, live, or killed microorganisms administered to prvent, improve, or treat infectious disease. They trigger a specific immune responce to help fight future infections from a speific agent. |
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Term
| Inactivated (Killed) vaccine |
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Definition
| This type of vaccine is made from microorganisms or their components that have bee hemically treated to kill the microorganism. Adjuvat needed to enhance immune response by increasing stability of the vaccine in the body. |
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Term
| Attenuated (modified live) vaccines |
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Definition
| This type of vaccine has microorganisms that have been altered to lose their virulence, but are still able to replicate with in the animal to provide immunity. |
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Term
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Definition
| This type of vaccine is made from live microorganisms that may be fully virulent or avirulent. |
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Term
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Definition
| This type of vaccine is a gene or part of a microorganism removed from one organism (the pathogen) & inserted into another microorganism. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a special type of vaccine used vs. toxins instead of microorganisms. Provides active immunity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Substances that contain antibodies obtained from an animal that has beem hypersensitized to neutralize toxins. Used when exposure to toxin is likely. Provide passive immunity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Antibody rich serum from a hypersensitized or actually infected animal. ntibodies are colleced through plasma. Short lived (passive). Used against K9 distemper, Feline Panleukopenia, and bovine anthrax. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced for a specific disease problem in a specific area from a sick animal. Cultured organisms from farm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutiple-antigen vaccines contain more than one antigen. |
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Term
Sensitive to light, excessive heat, and freezing
Obtain from reputible source
Some vaccines need to be reconsttuted prior to use.
Use only diluent provided by manufacturer
Do not mix multiple vaccines in same syringe
Administer different vaccines in different sites.
Record where and how given. |
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Definition
| Handling and care of vaccines: |
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Term
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Definition
| Where should vaccines be stored? |
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Term
Age
Health
Medications
Pregnancy
Environment
History |
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Definition
| Name the patient considerations for vaccines. |
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Term
| Local reaction at vaccine site |
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Definition
| Pain & swelling are what type of vaccne reaction? |
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Term
| Systemic reaction to vaccine |
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Definition
| Anaphylaxis, hives, wheezing, dyspnea, hypotesion, and shock are what type of vaccine reaction? |
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Term
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Definition
| Tumors of connective-tissue origin are what type of vaccine reaction? |
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Term
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Definition
| These are used to assess the level of antibody to a particular antigen. Expressed in ratios such as 1:2, 1:4. |
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Term
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Definition
| These vaccines are recomen ded for all individual animals because the consequences of infection are severe, infection poses zoonotic potiential, disease prevelence is high, Organism is eaily transmitted to other of its species. Vaccine is safe & effcacious. |
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Term
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Definition
| Examples of Core vaccines. |
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Term
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Definition
| These vaccines are recommended only for individual animals deemed to be at high risk for contact with the organism. Based on evaluation of all risk factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| One example of a noncore vaccine. |
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