Term
| What are the part of the hindbrain? |
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Definition
| Cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata |
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Term
| What are the three deep-lying subcortical structures of the cerebrum? |
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Definition
| basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala |
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Term
| Fibers that do not cross over are called? |
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Definition
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Term
| The thalamus is in the______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
part of the brain stem
involved in voluntary movement
has dopaminergic nuclei that projecct axons to the prefrontal cortex
contain substantia nigra |
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Term
| The cerebrum and cerebellum are similiar in that they.. |
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Definition
| both involved in regulation of motor movement |
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Term
| What type of memory is remembering how to ride a bike? |
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Definition
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Term
| At a cellular level, What is the primary difference btw short-term mem and long term mem? |
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Definition
| NMDA-receptors are activated only for long-term mem |
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Term
Which of the following are part of the catecholamine biosynthetic pathway?
1.tyrptophan
2.tyrosine
3.epi
4.DOPA
5.dopamine |
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Definition
2.tyrosine
3.epi
4.DOPA
5.dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
| (MAOI) a) is an enzyme w/in the cytosol of monaminergic nerve terminals b) degrades noepi into nonactive byproducts (catabolism) c) 1st generation depression drugs |
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Term
| Administration of L-DOPA to parkinson's patients can sometimes result in ________ side effect because ___________ |
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Definition
| Schizophrenia-like; the nigrostriatla pathaway become over stimualted |
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Term
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Definition
| in a part of basal ganglia; recieves stimulatory input from cortex; recieves projections from substantia nigra of midbrain in nigrastriatal pathway |
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Term
| What are the structures in the brain stem? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are whole-brain imaging techniques? |
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Definition
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Term
| The frontal lobe houses the _______ cortex and the parietal lobe houses the _____ cortex |
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Definition
Motor-frontal
Sensory-parietal |
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Term
| Both the thalamus and the hypothalamus are... |
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Definition
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Term
| The midbrain contains nuclei for two major _______________ projection pathways that are involved in motor control and addiction/reward behaviors. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___________________ are the only projection neurons originating from the cortex of the cerebellum |
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Definition
| purkinje cells (inhibitory) |
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Term
Where do the fibers of the lateral spinothalamic tract deccusate?
Medial lateral?
Corticolspinal? |
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Definition
Spinal Cord
Medulla
Medulla |
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Term
| Structures of the limbic system |
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Definition
A. Hypothalamus
B. Basal ganglia
C. Amygdala
D. Thalamus |
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Term
| ________________ is the transformation of short-term memory into long-term memory. |
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Definition
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Term
| NMDA-receptors are different from AMPA-receptors in that.... |
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Definition
| NMDA-receptors allow calcium ions to move into the cell whereas AMPA-receptors do not. |
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Term
| What is the ?fundamental mechanism by which NMDA-receptor activation initiates LTP (long-term potentiation) |
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Definition
| elevation of intracellular calcium concentrations in the post-synaptic cell. |
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Term
| “What is the biogenic amine hypothesis” of depression originally developed on? |
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Definition
| based on the observation that blocking the transport of monoamines into presynaptic vesicles led to depressive effects |
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Term
| The dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway originates in the ______ _____ of the midbrain and projects to the _____ of the basal ganglia |
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Definition
| substantia nigra; putamen |
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Term
| The primary projection neuron of the cerebral cortex is called a(n) _________________; these neurons release the neurotransmitter ________________. |
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Definition
| pyramidal cell; glutamate |
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Term
| Rigor mortis (muscle stiffness) is observed upon death due to a depletion of ATP pools within skeletal muscle tissue. This can be explained in terms of the cross-bridge cycle because, in the absence of ATP, myosin head groups would.... |
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Definition
| be unable to detach from thin filaments |
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Term
| When baroreceptors sense a sharp increase in blood pressure, afferent neurons convey that information to nuclei within the brain stem. These nuclei then influence efferent pathways such that... |
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Definition
| vagal innervation of the heart is increased |
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Term
| The muscle cells of Type I motor units are fatigue-resistant in part because ... |
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Definition
| they are highly oxiginiated, many capillaries, myo and hemo |
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Term
| Within skeletal muscle fibers, ATP is the energy source used to drive |
|
Definition
| sarcomere contraction, sarcomere relaxation, and calcium pumps in the SR and cell membranes |
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Term
| In a resting skeletal muscle fiber... |
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Definition
| myosin head groups are bound to ADP and Pi. |
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Term
Afferant (Sensory) vs Efferant (Motor)
↓
somatic (voluntary; w/in CNS axons to muscles) vs autonomic (involuntary)
↓
two neurons (pre in gray matter CNS midbrain/hindbrain/upper spine and post ganglionic in autonomic ganglion to effector organ in head, neck, abdomen)
↓
orgin of pregan and autonomic gang= sympat vs para sympat |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In a resting skeletal muscle fiber... |
|
Definition
| myosin head groups are bound to ADP and Pi. |
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Term
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Definition
| is comes from pregang fibers synapsing with many symp gang and symp gang recieving large # of synapses from pregang fibers =the sympathetic system is typically activated as a single unit |
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Term
|
Definition
| is comes from pregang fibers synapsing with many symp gang and symp gang recieving large # of synapses from pregang fibers =the sympathetic system is typically activated as a single unit |
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Term
|
Definition
SAME = Sensory - Afferent - Motor - Efferent
DAVE = Dorsal - Afferent - Ventral - Efferent |
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Term
| Most visceral organs are ______-________ |
|
Definition
| dually inenervated; both para and symp either antagonistic (most common), complementary, or cooperative |
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Term
| What are the sympathetic only innervated visceral organs? |
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Definition
| Adrenal Medulla, Skin, Seat Glands, Most blood vessels |
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Term
| What is considered the major center for the ANS? |
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Definition
| Hypthalamus (then medulla) |
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Term
| During muscle contractions, which bands keep there shape? |
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Definition
| During concentric (shortening) contractions, sarcomere A bands maintain their length. |
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Term
| How are Dihydropyridine receptors (DHPRs) and ryanodine receptors (RyRs) similar? |
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Definition
| They both play a pivotal role in excitation/contraction coupling |
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Term
| ______________is/are continuous with the sarcolemma & directly responsible for propagation of the muscle action potential deep into the muscle cell |
|
Definition
| transverse tubles (T-tubles) |
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Term
| How are skeletal and smooth muscle similiar? |
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Definition
| Excitation/contraction coupling relies on increases in intracellular calcium. |
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Term
| Insufficient iodine in the diet leads to: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How are Thyroxine, cortisol, and glucagon related? |
|
Definition
| They all regulate glucose metabolism at target tissues |
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Term
| Catecholamines released from the adrenal medulla promote ___________________ in the liver, ultimately serving as a means to increase circulating blood glucose levels |
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Definition
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Term
| The adrenal medulla is regulated by the ____________________, while the adrenal cortex is regulated by the ____________________. |
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Definition
| autonomic nervous system; anterior pituitary gland |
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Term
| Why are many anterior pituitary hormones are “trophic”? |
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Definition
| They promote growth of their target tissue/organs |
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Term
| The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system allows for __________ regulation of the ________ pituitary by the hypothalamus. |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucagon promotes ______ processes at target tissues. |
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Definition
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Term
| Vagal innervation of the heart activates __________________, which ultimately slows the heart rate via the _________________. |
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Definition
| muscarinic receptors; opening of K+ channels |
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Term
| How are B-receptors and muscarinic receptors similar? |
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Definition
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Term
| Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division are ___________________ and typically synapse with postganglionic neurons in ____________________ |
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Definition
| cholinergic; terminal ganglia |
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Term
| splanchnic nerves, paravertebral ganglia, and collateral ganglia are all part of the __________ of the (CNS or ANS)? |
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Definition
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Term
| The autonomic and somatic motor systems are different in that only _______________ can lie within ganglia |
|
Definition
| autonomic neuronal cell bodies |
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Term
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Definition
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