Term
| movements that are goal directed and preplanned by the individula |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cortical motor areas contributing to the performance of voluntary movement reside in what lobes |
|
Definition
| frontal, limbic, parietal |
|
|
Term
| frontal lobe contains 3 motor areas called what |
|
Definition
| primary motor cortex (M1), supplementary motor cortex (M2), lateral premotor cortex |
|
|
Term
| the limbic lobe contains what 2 motor areas |
|
Definition
| anterior cingulate (M3), posterior cingulate (M4) |
|
|
Term
| posterior parietal cortex contains what two motor areas |
|
Definition
| postcentral gyrus, posterior parietal cortex |
|
|
Term
| posterior parietal cortex contains what specific areas for voluntary movement |
|
Definition
| Brodman's areas 3,1,2 (postcentral gyrus), Brodmann's areas 5,7 (posterior parietal cortex) |
|
|
Term
| primary motor cortex (M1) is what Brodmann's area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary motor cortex (m1) is located where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the largest component of the primary motor cortex (m1) is buried in what? |
|
Definition
| anterior wall of the central sulcus |
|
|
Term
| premotor cortex applies to all of which Brodmann's area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| premotor cortex (brodmann's area 6) occupies which 2 hemispheric surfaces? |
|
Definition
| lateral and medial hemispheral surfaces |
|
|
Term
| the term pre motor cortex derives from what |
|
Definition
| area 6 (premotor) lies rostral to area 4 (primary motor) |
|
|
Term
| pre motor cortex: supplementary motor area is what brodmann's area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pre motor cortex: first premotor area to be recognized as a functional distinct area of the premotor cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pre motor cortex: supplementary motor area is located where in the brain? |
|
Definition
| superior frontal gyrus on the medial surface of the hemisphere |
|
|
Term
| pre motor cortex: supplementary motor area is immediately rostral to what representation in area 4? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pre motor cortex: supplementary motor area represents what? |
|
Definition
| complete representation of the body |
|
|
Term
| pre motor cortex: supplementary motor area contains complete representation of the body in what order? |
|
Definition
| face, arm, leg in a rostrocaudal sequence |
|
|
Term
| pre motor cortex: which would require greater surface electrical stimulation to elicit movement? M1 or M2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| quick phasic movements are elicited with the stimulation of what area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pre motor cortex: supplementary motor area (m2) is associated with what types of motions |
|
Definition
| tonic contractions of the postural type that often are maintained for many seconds after stimulation ceases |
|
|
Term
| pre motor cortex: movements elicited by the supplementary motor area are present on what side? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pre motor cortex: movements involving proximal mm are mediated by direct projections from teh supplementary motor area to where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pre motor cortex: some supplementary motor area projections may make what type of connection with alpha LMNs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pre motor cortex: some supplementary motor area projections make monosynaptic connections with what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pre motor cortex: supplementary motor area is involved in what (general) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pre motor cortex: supplementary motor area is involved in what specifically? |
|
Definition
| internal generation of complex movement sequences |
|
|
Term
| pre motor cortex: supplementary motor area is involved in coordination of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pre motor cortex: supplementary motor area is involved in what adjustments? |
|
Definition
| postural adjustments that precede voluntary movement |
|
|
Term
| pre motor cortex: supplementary motor area may also be involved in the generation and control of what? |
|
Definition
| visually guided simple reaching movements |
|
|
Term
| pre motor cortex: a patient with lesions of the supplementary motor area may have difficulty with what (general) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pre motor cortex: a patient with a lesion of the supplementary motor area would have difficulty with this specific action |
|
Definition
| making a fist with one hand and SIMULTANEOUSLY turning their other hand palm up |
|
|
Term
| pre motor cortex: a patient with a lesion of the supplementary motor area would rather perform actions how? |
|
Definition
| same movement with both hands or execute the movements sequentially |
|
|
Term
| lateral premotor cortex is what brodmann's area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the lateral pre motor cortex is divided into what 2 areas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lateral pre-motor cortex: area 6a alpha occupies most of what section of the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| electrical stimulation of the lateral premotor cortex 6a alpha results in movements similar to those from area 4 (M1) but requires what? |
|
Definition
| higher current intensities for lateral pre motor cortex |
|
|
Term
| movements of the lateral pre-frontal cortex 6a alpha are mediated by what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| movements of the lateral premotor cortex 6a alpha are mediated by corticospinal fibers originating from what |
|
Definition
| pyramidal cells of area 6a alpha |
|
|
Term
| lateral premotor cortex 6a beta is located where on the brain |
|
Definition
| caudal part of teh superior frontal gyrus |
|
|
Term
| lateral premotor cortex 6a beta is immediately rostral to what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| electrical stimulation of lateral premotor cortex area 6a beta evokes what types of movements? |
|
Definition
| general movement patterns: rotation of the eyes, head, and trunk to opposite side |
|
|
Term
| what type of synergistic patterns may be elicited by the lateral pre-motor cortex 6a beta area |
|
Definition
| flexion or extension of teh contralatereal limbs |
|
|
Term
| lateral pre-motor cortex: functions (2) |
|
Definition
| initial phases of orienting the body and arm towards a desired target, controlling the proximal movements that project the arm to the target (reaching) |
|
|
Term
| lateral pre-motor cortex: controlling the proximal movements that project that arms to the target (reaching) would be consistent with what? |
|
Definition
| corticospinal projections from parts of the lateral premotor cortex terminate primarily on the LMN's innervating proximal limb muscles |
|
|
Term
| cingulate motor areas are part of what lobe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cingulate motor areas, M____, M____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the cingulate motor area located on the brain? |
|
Definition
| base and inferior bank of the cingulate sulcus of each hemisphere |
|
|
Term
| the cingulate motor area is divided into what 2 areas? |
|
Definition
| rostral cingulate motor area (CMAr, M3) and caudal cingulate motor area (CMAc, M4) |
|
|
Term
| rostral cingulate motor area is located in what brodmann's area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| caudal cingulate motor area is located in what brodmann's area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| M3 rostral cingulate motor area, contains what somatotopic representations |
|
Definition
| face, arm, and leg in rostral to caudal topography |
|
|
Term
| caudal cingulate motor area (M4) contains what somatotopic representation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| each cingulate motor area is reciprocally connected to what? |
|
Definition
| primary (m1) and supplementary (m2) motor cortices |
|
|
Term
| posterior parietal cortex comprises what brodmann's areas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| posterior parietal cortex occupies what part of the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| posterior parietal cortex is involved in what? |
|
Definition
| regulating movement, in particular the extremities |
|
|
Term
| posterior parietal cortex is involved in what general movements? |
|
Definition
| goal-directed movements (reaching for and grasping an object) |
|
|
Term
| Posterior parietal cortex: 1st requirement prior to goal oriented movement |
|
Definition
| spatial relationships between person and object |
|
|
Term
| posteiror parietal cortex: 2nd requirement prior to goal oriented movement |
|
Definition
| orientation of the body to the object |
|
|
Term
| posterior parietal cortex: 3rd requirement prior to goal oriented movement |
|
Definition
| physical properities of the object |
|
|
Term
| brodmann's areas 5 and 7 (posterior parietal cortex) receive what information? |
|
Definition
| somatosensory (tactile and proprioceptive) and visual information |
|
|
Term
| important distinctions about areas 5 and 7 in regards to recieving somatosensory and visual information |
|
Definition
| some sub-areas process primarily one type or the other, others integrate both types of information |
|
|
Term
| posterior parietal cortex contains representaitons of what structures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sub areas of the posterior parietal cortex send information out to where? |
|
Definition
| each of the different frontal and limbic lobe motor areas (m1, M2, lateral premotor CMA) |
|
|
Term
| input from teh posterior parietal cortex to the frontal and limbic lobes form what circuit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does information from the primary somatosensory cortex reach the primary motor cortex (areas 3,1,2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| neurons of M1 have this type of receptive field |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| M1 recieves projectiosn from these 3 areas |
|
Definition
| premotor cortices, cingulate motor area, area 5 of the posterior parietal cortex |
|
|
Term
| M1 recieves projectiosn from these 3 areas |
|
Definition
| premotor cortices, cingulate motor area, area 5 of the posterior parietal cortex |
|
|
Term
| each of the premotor cortices, recieves it predominant input from subregions of what areas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| area 46 of the prefrontal cortex aka |
|
Definition
| dorsolateral prefrontal cortex |
|
|
Term
| the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is connected how to the premotor cortex, cingulate motor area, and supplementary motor area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is reciprocally connected to what areas |
|
Definition
| pre motor cortex, supplementary motor area, cingulate motor area |
|
|
Term
| the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is involved in what? (3) |
|
Definition
| involved in short term memory for action-related sensory information, preparatory motor set, inhibition of motor responses to distracting stimuli |
|
|
Term
| M1 and the premotor cortices are reciprocally connected to what (2) |
|
Definition
| cerebellum, basal ganglia |
|
|
Term
| projections between M1, premotor cortices, cerebellum and ganglia form what type of circuits? |
|
Definition
| cortical-subcortical circuits |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 cortical-subcortical cirucits formed by the M1, premotor cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia? |
|
Definition
| cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo cortical circuit, cortico-cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit |
|
|
Term
| the cortical-subcortical loops synapse in different portions of what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the internal segment of the globus pallidus synapses in what part of the ventrolateral nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the internal segment of the globus pallidus synapses in the oral part of what nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the internal segment of the globus pallidus synapses in the oral part of the ventrolateral nucleus that, in turn, projects to what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| output from the cerebellum synaposes in two areas of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| output from the cerebellum synapses in two areas of the thalamus one of which projects to where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| output from the cerebellum synapses in two areas of the thalamus one of which projects to the premotor cortex, and the other to where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the cortico-subcortical loops are differentially deployed depneding on what firstly? |
|
Definition
| upon the type of voluntary movement being executed |
|
|
Term
| the cortico-subcortical loops are differentially deployed depneding on what secondly? |
|
Definition
| the extent to which the motor skill has been learned |
|
|
Term
| To understand purposeful movement we first consider the role of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| purposeful movement does not occur in isolation from what |
|
Definition
| the sensory perceptual experience of the environment |
|
|
Term
| purposeful movement occurs with movement and sensory perceptual experience working in concert as movement evolves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| haptic sensing by object manipulation depends on what firstly? |
|
Definition
| integration of different modalities of sensory signals |
|
|
Term
| haptic sensing by object manipulation depends on what secondly? |
|
Definition
| requires the integration of sensory information with the motor commands that themselves are responsible for for the temporal modulation of the sensory signals |
|
|
Term
| sensory modalities of haptic sensing |
|
Definition
| cutaneous and proprioceptive |
|
|
Term
| most important cutaneous information of haptic sensing is derived from what surfaces of the finger tips? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most important cutaneous information is derived from activation of what? |
|
Definition
| both slowly and rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors |
|
|
Term
| the most important proprioceptive information of haptic sensing is derived from what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| integration of cutaneous and proprioceptive information from the hand to identify an object |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what functions to store the information in working memory? |
|
Definition
| dorsolateral prefrontal cortex |
|
|
Term
| the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is reciprocally connected to what? (2) |
|
Definition
| premotor areas of the frontal lobe and posterior parietal cortex |
|
|
Term
| movements of an individual finger are controlled by neurons in the hand area of the primary cortex via what projection? |
|
Definition
| direct corticomotoneuronal projection |
|
|
Term
| motor information processed in the motor cortex eventually reaches skeletal muscle to produce movement, travelling in what tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corticospinal tract origin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| corticospinal tract: step 1 of 6 |
|
Definition
| posterior limb of internal capsule |
|
|
Term
| corticospinal tract: step 2 of 6 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| corticospinal tract: step 3 of 6 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| corticospinal tract: step 4 of 6 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| corticospinal tract: step 5 of 6, ipsilateral |
|
Definition
| anterior corticospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| corticospinal tract: step 5 of 6, contralateral |
|
Definition
| lateral corticospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| information from the lateral corticospinal tract continues through what? |
|
Definition
| ipsilateral upper motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| after passing information through the upper motor neurons, the lateral corticospinal tract continues information through what |
|
Definition
| ipsilateral motor neurons to skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| information from teh anterior corticospinal tract continues through what |
|
Definition
| ipsilateral upper motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| information from teh anterior corticospinal tract after passing through the ipsilateral upper motor neurons continues through what |
|
Definition
| contralateral lower motor neurons and skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| which corticospinal tract is capable of bypassing both upper and lower motor neurons and synapsing on distal skeletal musculature? |
|
Definition
| lateral corticospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| corticospinal tracts: controls the precision and speed of highly skilled movements especially those of the distal parts of the limbs |
|
Definition
| lateral corticospinal tracts |
|
|
Term
| why does the lateral corticospinal tract control the precision and speed of highly skilled movements especially those of the distal part of the limbs? |
|
Definition
| lateral CST fibers possessing few collateral branches, allowing for discrete control of single distal muscles |
|
|
Term
| which corticospinal tract has more collateral axons |
|
Definition
| anterior corticospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| anterior corticospinal tract axons terminate on motor neurons that innervate which muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lower (alpha) motor neurons are located in the spinal cord are located in which lamina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some lateral corticospinal tract fibers synapse directly on lower motor neurons in which lamina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lamina IX are arranged into what columns? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lamina IX medial column supplies what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which lamina IX column stays uniform in size as it extends through the length of the spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lamina IX lateral column supplies what muscles |
|
Definition
| all muscles except paravertebral |
|
|
Term
| the lamina IX lateral column is smaller in which regions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is the lamina IX lateral column smaller in thoracic regions |
|
Definition
| supplies only the intercostal and abdominal mm |
|
|
Term
| the lamina IX lateral column is extremely large in what regions |
|
Definition
| cervical and lumbosacral regions |
|
|
Term
| why is the lamina IX lateral column larger in the cervical and lumbosacral regions |
|
Definition
| supplies mm of the upper and lower extremities |
|
|
Term
| in the cervical and lumbosacral regions the lateral subdivisoin of the lateral column of lamina IX supplies which mm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the cervical and lumbosacral regions the medial subdivisoin of the lateral column of lamina IX supplies which mm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| corticobulbar tract origin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| corticobulbar tract: step 1 of 3 |
|
Definition
| genu of the internal capsule |
|
|
Term
| corticobulbar tract: step 2 of 3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| corticobulbar tract: step 3 of 3, cranial |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| corticobulbar tract: step 3 of 3, brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the corticobulbar tract continues to cranial nerve nuclei which innervate what? |
|
Definition
| bilateral innervation to cranial nerve nuclei |
|
|
Term
| the corticobulbar tract continues to cranial nerve nuclei which have bilateral innervation to cranial nerve nuclei, except to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which tract mediates postural adjustments |
|
Definition
| lateral vestibulospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| fibers of the lateral vestibulospinal tract descend how |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fibers of the lateral vestibulospinal tract descending ipsilaterally producing characteristic black dots on what nuclei? |
|
Definition
| inferior vestibular nucleus |
|
|
Term
| fibers of the lateral vestibulospinal tract pass through the inferior vestibular nucleus before entering what? |
|
Definition
| anterior part of the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| the lateral vestibulospinal tract facilitates what? |
|
Definition
| motor neurons that innervate extensor muscles |
|
|
Term
| the medial vestibulospinal tract fibers descends how |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the fibers of the medial vestibulospinal tract form what |
|
Definition
| spinal extenion of the medial longitudinal fasciculus |
|
|
Term
| fibers of the medial vestibulospinal tract descend only to where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medial vestibulospinal tract functions to influence what? |
|
Definition
| axial muscles in the neck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pontine (medial), medullary (lateral) |
|
|
Term
| cell bodies of the pontine (medial) reticulospinal tract are located where? |
|
Definition
| medial pontine reticular formation |
|
|
Term
| fibers from the pontine (medial) reticulospinal tracts descend how |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pontine (medial) reticulospinal tract function |
|
Definition
| excitatory to lower motor neurons that innervate proximal extremity extensor muscles |
|
|
Term
| medullary (lateral) reticulospinal tract cell bodies are located where |
|
Definition
| medial 2/3 of the medullary reticular formation |
|
|
Term
| fibers from the medullary (lateral) reticulospinal tract descend how |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medullary (lateral) reticulospinal tract descends to where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medullary (lateral) reticulospinal tract function |
|
Definition
| conveys autonomic nervous system information from higher levels |
|
|
Term
| cell bodies of the rubrospinal tract are located where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to axons as soon as they leave the red nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as soon as axons leave the red nucleus they cross where |
|
Definition
| ventral tegmental decussation |
|
|
Term
| what happens when axons leaving they red nucleus cross the ventral tegmental decussation |
|
Definition
| they form the rubrospinal tract |
|
|
Term
| rubrospinal tract serves to facilitate whta |
|
Definition
| lower motor neurons that innervate flexor muscles, especially those associated with gripping |
|
|
Term
| cortical areas responsible for extraocular eye muscle activity project to where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the fibers from cortical areas to the midbrain tectum are concerned with what movements? |
|
Definition
| turning movements of the head and eyes |
|
|
Term
| the fibers from cortical areas to the midbrain tectum are concerned with what type of movements? |
|
Definition
| greater influence on reflexive rather than voluntary eye movements |
|
|
Term
| many corticotectal fibers project to what 3 areas? |
|
Definition
| superior colliculus, interstitial nucleus of cajal, nucelus of darkschewitsch |
|
|
Term
| tectospinal fibers from the interstitial nucleus of cajal and nucleus of darkschewitsch project to what CN? |
|
Definition
| oculomotor, trochlear, abducens |
|
|
Term
| tectospinal fibers decussate where |
|
Definition
| dorsal tegmental decussation |
|
|
Term
| tectospinal tract fibers descend how |
|
Definition
| contralateral to their cell bodies of origin near the medial longitudinal fasciculus |
|
|
Term
| tectospinal tract only descends to which spinal levels |
|
Definition
| rostral thoracic spinal levels |
|
|
Term
| why does the tectospinal tract only descend to rostral thoracic spinal levels |
|
Definition
| because it influences motor neurons innervating neck muscles |
|
|
Term
| lesions of primary cortex affect what side |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lesions of the primary cortex intially present how (5) |
|
Definition
| weakness/paresis/hypotonia, reduced postural reactions, hyporeflexia |
|
|
Term
| lesions of the primary motor cortex present how later |
|
Definition
| spasticity or hypertonia develop along with hypereflexia |
|
|
Term
| which movements usually show the greatest recovery with lesions of the primary motor cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which movements usually remain weak and show lesser recovery with lesions of the primary motor cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lesions of the supplementary motor cortex affect what side |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 symptoms of lesions of the supplementary motor cortex |
|
Definition
| severe controlateral akinesia, mutism, loss of facial expression, difficulty with tasks requiring cooperative movements of both hands, trouble performing self-initiated tasks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| poverty of or absence of movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a patient with a lesion of the supplementary motor cortex will not be able to use a hammer when placed in their hand, and will need what to get started? |
|
Definition
| sensory cue of the hammer in hand is not enough, a visual, auditory, or tactile cue is needed to get started |
|
|
Term
| lesions of the premotor cortex include what 6 symptoms |
|
Definition
| apraxia, slow/clumsy movements, proximal joint weakness, loss of proximal joint coordination, inability to learn and produce complex or sequential motor tasks, possible disruption of rhythmic movements |
|
|
Term
| loss of ability to carry out purposeful movements in the absecne of paralysis or sensory loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a patient with a premotor cortex lesion would have difficulty with which task: riding a bike, tying their shoe? |
|
Definition
| riding a bike (rhythmic action) |
|
|
Term
| a patient with a premotor cortex lesion would not have difficulty with which task: riding a bike, tying their shoe? |
|
Definition
| tying their shoe, requires DISTAL not proximal coordination |
|
|
Term
| difference with premotor cortex lesions and supplementary motor area lesions |
|
Definition
| Premotor lesion patients can perform self initiated tasks, but have difficulty with sensory triggered tasks |
|
|
Term
| premotor cortex lesion vs supplementary motor area lesions: hammer example |
|
Definition
| premotor cortex lesion could use the hammer unprompted, but would have difficuluty learning to use the hammer in response to a sensory cue |
|
|
Term
| upper motor neuron lesions refer to lesions anywhere in the CNS that affect which pathwyas? |
|
Definition
| descending pathways controlling activity of lower motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of upper motor neuron lesions (4) |
|
Definition
| hypertonia, increased DTRs, spastic paralysis, babinski sign |
|
|
Term
| increased/spastic muscle tone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteristics of lower motor neuron lesions |
|
Definition
| hypotonia, decreased or absent DTRs, flaccid paralysis, progressive muscle atrophy of the muscles innervated by the lower motor neuron |
|
|
Term
| decreased/abscent muscle tone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| overall funciton of the corticoreticulospinal pathway is |
|
Definition
| strongly inhibit interneurons involved in stretch reflexes |
|
|
Term
| inhibitory cortical influences on the reticular formation supresses stretch reflexes by decreasing the usual facilitatory "tone" in what tracts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bilateral lesion of descending cortical tracts that occurs below the red nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| decerebrate rigidity results in what posturing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in decerebrate rigidity loss of inhibitory cortical input to the reticular formation "releases" the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts resulting in facilitation of what |
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Definition
| extensors and axial muscles |
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Term
| lesiosn large enough to cause decerebrate rigidity also produce what |
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Definition
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|
Term
| bilateral lesion of descending cortical tracts that occurs above the red nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
| decorticate rigidty is characterized by what? |
|
Definition
| high flexor tone in upper limbs, high extensor tone in the lower limbs |
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|
Term
| decorticate rigidity is different from decerebrate rigidity in that what influences are also exaggerated in decorticate rigidity |
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Definition
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