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| The science of the structure of living organisms |
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| The science of the functioning of living organisms |
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| The smallest part of an element; indivisible by ordinary chemical means |
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| The basic biological unit of living organisms, contains a nucleus and a variety of organelles unclosed by a limiting membrane |
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| A group of similar cells specialized to perform function; primary tissue types are epithelial, connesctive, muscle and nervous tissues |
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| A part of the body formed of two or more tissues that perform a specialized function |
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| A group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function |
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| An individual living thing |
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| A state of body equilibrium or stable enviroment of the body |
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| An organ, gland or muscle capable of being activated by nerve endings |
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| A corrective mechanism that opposes or negates a variation from normal limits |
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| feedback that tends to cause a variable change in the same direction as the initial change, enhances the stimulus |
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| Below in reference to a particular structure |
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| Farthest from the point of attachment of a limb or origin of a structure |
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| The sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in the body |
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| Some type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the enviroment |
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| Any of the building blocks of matter |
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| Substance composed of two or more different elements, the atoms of which are chemically united |
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| An atom with a positive or negative electrical charge |
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| Ionic compound that dissociates into charged particles (other than hydrogen or hydroxl ions) when dissolved in water |
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| A substance that accelerates a specific chemical reaction but that is not altered by the reaction |
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| A compound that lacks carbon |
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| A compound containing carbon |
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| A homogenous mixture of two or more components |
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| Subatomic particle that bears a positive charge ; located in the atomic nucleus |
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| Nonsymmetrical molecules that contain electrically unbalanced atoms |
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| The symbol for hydrogen ion oncentration; a measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution |
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| A fundamental particle that does not carry a positive or negative charge |
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| 1) A chemical reaction that occurs between a base and a acid 2) Blockageof the harmful effects of bacterial exotoxins or viruses by the binding of antibodies to their functional sites |
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| Dissociation; the breakdown of a molecule in solution form to ions |
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| Anything that occupies space and has mass |
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| A substance formed by living cells that acts as a catalyst in bodily chemical reactions |
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| Weak bond in which a hydrogen atom forms a bridge between two electron-hungry atoms; an important intramo-lecular bond |
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| A substance that accepts hydrogen ions; proton acceptor; compare with accid |
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| A substance that liberates hydrogen ions when in an aqueous solution; compare with base |
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| A substance that breaks down into ions when in aqueous solution and is capable of conducting an electric current |
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| The spreading of particles in a solution or gas with a movement towarduniform distrubition of particles |
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| The diffusion of a solvent through a membrane from a dilute solution into a more concentrated one |
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| The passive movement of a substance across a cell membrane by means of a protein carrier |
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| net movement of a substance across a membrane against a concentration or electrical gradient; requires release and use of cellular energy |
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| dense structure, composed of tightly coiled DNA strands and associated histones, that become visible in the nucleus when a cell prepares to undergo mitosis or meiosis; normal human somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes a piece |
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| regional differences in the concentration of a particular substance |
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| a substance that breaks down into ions when in solution and is capable of conducting an electric current |
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| DNA; a nucleic acid consisting of a chain of nucleotides that contain the sugar deoxyribose and the nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine |
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| the substance of a cell other than that of the nucleus |
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| excessive, above normal, tone or tension |
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| below normal tone or tension |
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| having a uniform tension; of the same tone |
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| any sheet or partition; a layer consisting of an epithelium and the underlying connective tissue |
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| the division of the cell nucleus; often followed by division of the cytoplasm of a cell |
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| specialized structures in a cell that perform specific metabolic functions |
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| a group of similar cells specialized to perform a specific function; primary tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues |
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| the skin and its accessory organs |
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| the deep layer of the skin; composed of dense, irregular connective tissue |
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| bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton |
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| the deposition of calcium salts within a tissue |
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| cord of dense fibrous tissue attaching a muscle to a bone |
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| joint; point where two bones meet |
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| the bones of the skull, vertebral column, thorax, and sternum |
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| a small sac filled with fluid and located at friction points, especially joints |
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| dense bone that contains parallel osteons |
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| the study of the structural features of the body without the aid of a microscope |
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| a form of cartilage growth through the growth, mitosis, and secretion of chondrocytes in the matrix |
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| a bone cell responsible for the maintenance and turnover of the mineral content of the surrounding bone |
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| a system of interconnecting canals in the microscopic structure of adult compact bone; unit of bone |
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| incomplete bony basin formed by the two coxal bones that secures the lower limbs to the sacrum of the axial skeleton |
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| immovable fibrous joint that connects the bones of the adult skull |
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| a fluid secreted by the synovial membrane; lubricates joint surfaces and nourishes articular cartilages |
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| that portion of the body trunk above the diaphragm and below the neck |
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| a cord of fibrous tissue that connects bones |
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| requiring oxygen to live or grow |
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| the smallest contractile unit of muscle; extends from one Z disc to the next |
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| attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction |
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| the movable attachment of a muscle as opposed to its origin |
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Definition
| a contractile protein of muscle |
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Definition
| muscle or hormone that acts in opposition to an agonist or prime mover |
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Definition
| muscles acting to immobilize a joint or a bone; fixes the origin of a muscle so that muscle action can be exerted at the insertion |
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| not under conscious control |
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| the product of anaerobic metabolism, especially in muscle |
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| the time between the stimulation of a muscle and the start of the contraction phase |
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Definition
| all of the muscle cells controlled by a single motor neuron |
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Definition
| sustained partial contraction of a muscle in response to stretch receptor inputs; keeps the muscle healthy and ready to react |
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Definition
| a single rapid contraction of a muscle followed by relaxation |
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Definition
| one of the principal contractile proteins found in muscle |
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Definition
| the volume of oxygen required after exercise to oxidize the lactic acid formed during exerise |
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Definition
| muscle whose contractions are primarily responsible for a particular movement; agonist |
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Definition
| the period after a contraction when the tension in the muscle fiber returns to resting levels |
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| muscle under control of the will; skeletal muscle |
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a cell in neural tissue that is specialized for intercellular communication through changes in membrane potential and synaptic connections
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Submitted by Jones, Joshua (100016084) on 10/30/2013 8:49:15 PM
Points Awarded 54.00
Points Missed 6.00
Percentage 90.0%
CorrectIncorrect Ungraded
1.
Which one of the following does NOT compress the abdomen:
A) transversus abdominis
B) rectus abdominis
C) external oblique
D) latissimus dorsi
E) internal oblique
Feedback: latissimus dorsi does NOT compress the abdomen
Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): D
CorrectIncorrect Ungraded
2.
Paralysis of which of the following would make an individual unable to flex the thigh:
A) iliopsoas and rectus femoris
B) biceps femoris
C) vastus lateralis
D) vastus medialis
E) vastus intermedius
Feedback: iliopsoas and rectus femoris paralysis would make an individual unable to flex the thigh
Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): A
CorrectIncorrect Ungraded
3.
Which one of the following connective tissue sheaths surrounds an individual skeletal muscle cell:
A) perimysium
B) fascicle
C) sarcolemma
D) endomysium
E) epimysium
Feedback: the endomysium connective tissue sheaths surrounds an individual skeletal muscle cell
Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): D
CorrectIncorrect Ungraded
4.
A muscle group that works with and assists the action of a prime mover is a(n):
A) antagonist only
B) fixator only
C) antagonist and synergist
D) antagonist and fixator
E) synergist only
Feedback: synergist is a a muscle group that works with and assists the action of a prime mover
Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): E
CorrectIncorrect Ungraded
5.
A muscle producing almost peak tension during rapid cycles of contraction and relaxation is said to be in:
A) complete tetanus
B) incomplete tetanus
C) treppe
D) recruitment
Feedback: In recruitment a muscle producing peak tension during rapid cycles of contraction and relaxation.
Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): B
CorrectIncorrect Ungraded
6.
Which one of the following is NOT a criteria generally used in naming muscles:
A) relative size of the muscle
B) shape of the muscle
C) number of origins of the muscle
D) method of attachment of the muscle to bone
E) action of the muscle
Feedback: method of attachment of the muscle to bone is NOT a criteria generally used in naming muscles.
Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): D
CorrectIncorrect Ungraded
7.
Which one of the following groupings is INCORRECT:
A) striated muscle, intercalated discs, branching cells, heart
B) striated muscle, cylindrical cells, attached to the skeleton, involuntary
C) skeletal muscle, arrhythmic, variable contraction speed, multinucleated
D) smooth cells, single nucleus, walls of hollow organs, involuntary
E) cardiac muscle, slow contraction speed, rhythmic, uninucleated
Feedback: striated muscle, cylindrical cells, attached to the skeleton, involuntary is not correct. The correct groupings are: cardiac muscle, slow contraction speed, smooth cells, single nucleus, walls of hollow organs, involuntaryrhythmic, uninucleated, skeletal muscle, arrhythmic, variable contraction speed, multinucleated and striated muscle, intercalated discs, branching cells, heart
Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): B
CorrectIncorrect Ungraded
8.
The striations that give skeletal muscle its characteristic striped appearance are produced, for the most part, by:
A) the "cocked" positions of the heads of the thick filaments
B) a difference in the thickness of the sarcolemma
C) the arrangement of myofilaments
D) the T tubules
E) the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Feedback: the arrangement of myofilaments the striations that give skeletal muscle its characteristic striped appearance are produced, for the most part.
Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): C
CorrectIncorrect Ungraded
9.
The muscle tissue type that consists of single, very long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with very obvious striations is:
A) cardiac muscle only
B) skeletal muscle only
C) cardiac and skeletal muscle
D) cardiac and smooth muscle
E) smooth muscle only
Feedback: The muscle tissue type that consists of single, very long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with very obvious striations is skeletal muscle only.
Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): B
CorrectIncorrect Ungraded
10.
At the neuromuscular junction, the muscle fiber membrane is invaginated (folded) to form a:
A) neurotransmitter
B) motor end plate
C) synaptic vesicle
D) motor neuron
E) motor unit
Feedback: motor end plate is formed by the neuromuscular junction, the muscle fiber membrane is invaginated (folded)
Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): B
Correct IncorrectUngraded
11.
After contraction, a muscle fiber returns to its original length through:
A) the active mechanism for fiber elongation
B) eleastic forces and the movement of opposing muscles
C) the tension produced by the initial length of the muscle fiber
D) involvement of all the sarcomeres
Feedback: Involvement of all the sarcomeres contraction, through a muscle fiber returns to its original length.
Points Earned: 0.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): D
CorrectIncorrect Ungraded
12.
A sarcomere is:
A) the area between two intercalated discs
B) a compartment in a myofilament
C) the contractile unit between two Z lines
D) the nonfunctional unit of skeletal muscle
E) the wavy lines on the cell, as seen in a microscope
Feedback: the contractile unit between two Z lines is a sarcomere
Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): C
Correct IncorrectUngraded
13.
Which one of the following functions do calcium ions perform during skeletal muscle contraction:
A) increase the action potential transmitted along the sarcolemma
B) cause ATP binding to actin
C) expose myosin binding sites on the actin
D) release the inhibition on Z lines
E) bind to regulatory proteins on the myosin filaments, changing both their shape and their position on the thick filaments
Feedback: expose myosin binding sites on the actin functions do calcium ions perform during skeletal muscle contraction
Points Earned: 0.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): C
CorrectIncorrect Ungraded
14.
Which one of the following muscle actions would NOT be classified as an ISOTONIC contraction:
A) pushing against a stationary wall
B) throwing a ball
C) writing a letter
D) typing your shoe
E) lifting a glass of water to your mouth
Feedback: pushing against a stationary wall is a muscle actions would NOT be classified as an ISOTONIC contraction.
Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): A
CorrectIncorrect Ungraded
15.
The process of reaching complete tetanus is obtained by:
A) applying a second stimulus before the relaxation phase has ended
B) decreasing the concentration of calcium ions in the cytoplasm
C) activation of additional motor units
D) increasing the rate of stimulation until the relaxation phase is completely eliminated
Feedback: increasing the rate of stimulation until the relaxation phase is completely eliminated by the process of reaching complete tetanus
Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): D
CorrectIncorrect Ungraded
16.
During skeletal muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to active sites of:
A) Z lines
B) thick filaments
C) myosin filaments
D) actin filaments
E) the H zone
Feedback: actin filaments during skeletal muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to active sites.
Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): D
CorrectIncorrect Ungraded
17.
Spasms of this straplike muscle often result in torticollis (wryneck):
A) sternocleidomastoid
B) masseter
C) zygomaticus
D) platysma
E) serratus anterior
Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): A
CorrectIncorrect Ungraded
18.
Which one of the following groups of skeletal muscle connective tissue terms is placed in order from largest to smallest:
A) myofilament, myofibril, fiber, fascicle
B) fiber, myofibril, myofilament, fascicle
C) fiber, myofibril, fascicle, myofilament
D) fascicle, fiber, myofilament, myofibril
E) fascicle, fiber, myofibril, myofilament
Feedback: fascicle, fiber, myofibril, myofilament is a group of skeletal muscle connective tissue terms is placed in order from largest to smallest
Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): E
CorrectIncorrect Ungraded
19.
A motor unit consists of:
A) one skeletal muscle neuron and all the neurons that supply it
B) all of the neurons that stimulate a single skeletal muscle action
C) all of the skeletal muscles that accomplish a single movement
D) one nerve and all of the skeletal muscles supplied by it
E) one neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers that it stimulates
Feedback: one neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers that it stimulates is a motor unit
Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): E
CorrectIncorrect Ungraded
20.
Which one of the following muscles flexes the thigh at the hip joint:
A) peroneus muscles
B) gluteus maximus
C) adductor muscles
D) sartorius
E) vastus lateralis
Feedback: sartorius is one of the muscles flexes the thigh at the hip joint
Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): D
CorrectIncorrect Ungraded
21.
Muscle contraction will always promote movement of body parts regardless of how they are attached.
A) True
B) False
Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): False
CorrectIncorrect Ungraded
22.
The effect of the neurotransmitter on the muscle cell membrane is to temporarily modify its permeability of ions such as Na+ and K+.
A) True
B) False
Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): True
CorrectIncorrect Ungraded
23.
Skeletal muscles need nerve stimulation for contraction to occur.
A) True
B) False
Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): True
CorrectIncorrect Ungraded
24.
An aponeurosis is a ropelike piece of muscle fascia that forms indirect connections to muscles of the leg.
A) True
B) False
Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): False
CorrectIncorrect Ungraded
25.
The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is vital to the integrity of muscle contraction.
A) True
B) False
Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): True
CorrectIncorrect Ungraded
26.
A contraction in which a skeletal muscle does not shorten but its tension increases is called isometric.
A) True
B) False
Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): True
CorrectIncorrect Ungraded
27.
The mastoid process attachment of the sternocleidomastoid muscle on the temporal bone represents its insertion.
A) True
B) False
Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): True
CorrectIncorrect Ungraded
28.
Plantar flexion at the ankle joint is accomplished by the tibialis anterior muscle.
A) True
B) False
Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): False
CorrectIncorrect Ungraded
29.
Muscle fatigue and soreness are caused by a buildup of pyruvic acid.
A) True
B) False
Points Earned: 2.0/2.0
Correct Answer(s): False
Correct IncorrectUngraded
30.
Oxygen debt refers to the oxygen required to make creatine phosphate.
A) True
B) False
Points |
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Term
|
Definition
| automatic reaction to a stimulus |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a self-propagating wave of depolarization; also called an action potential |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the accumulation of effects, especially those of muscular, sensory, or mental stimuli |
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Term
|
Definition
| a network of interlacing nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatics |
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Term
|
Definition
| the division of the nervous system that functions involuntarily; innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands |
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Term
|
Definition
| carries impulses from the central nervous system to effector organs muscles and glands |
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Term
|
Definition
| a division of the peripheral nervous system; also called the voluntary nervous system |
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Term
|
Definition
| a chemical transmitter substance released by certain nerve endings |
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Term
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Definition
| carrying to or toward a center |
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Term
|
Definition
| neuron process that carries impulses away from the nerve cell body; efferent process; the conducting portion of a nerve cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| the brain and the spinal cord |
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Term
|
Definition
| ability to transmit an electrical impulse |
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Term
|
Definition
| the branching extension of neurons that carry electrical signals to the cell body; the receptive portion of a nerve cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the loss of a state of polarity; the loss of a negative charge inside the plasma membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| a reflex that involves several segments of the spinal cord |
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Term
|
Definition
| the group of nuclei and centers in the cerebrum and diencephalon that are involved with emotional states, memories, and behavioral drives |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| (transmembrane potential) the potential difference, measured across a cell membrane and expressed in millivolts that results from the uneven distribution |
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|
Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
|
Definition
| a system of nerves that connects the outlying parts of the body with the central nervous system |
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Term
|
Definition
| the region of communication between neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| Unit 6 Special Senses and Endocrine |
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Term
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Definition
This patient is most likely suffering a congenital strabismus which occurs in approximately 4% of children and most commonly presents between 3-6 months of age. Strabismus, also know as "cross-eyed," or if untreated later in life, "lazy-eye," is a condition in which both eyes do not move and focus together. This is caused typically by a weakening in all or one of the six muscles thant control the movement of each. As a baby developes, the brain is learning to interpret what is seen by the eye into an image. If the eyes are unable to focus on a single object the brain will adapt and learn to ignore the message sent from the weaker eye and only interpret the stronger eye's image. If not corrected, permanent decrease of function and vision can occur in the effected eye. It is classified based on the direction of turn for the eye as follows: inward- esotropia, outward- exotropia, upward- hypertropia, and downward- hypotropia. Non- surgical interventions would include the use of glasses to stretngthen the weaker eye; eye patches also can be utilized in order to force the brain to recognise the images of the weaker eye as well as strengthen the surronding muscles. A vision therapy course could also be prescribed which would utilize specific activities and excercises to increase eye movement and synchornize focus. If this was not successful then eye muscle surgery may be indicated. Sometimes, the eyes can appear misaligned but are actually pointing at the same object or point. This is known as pseudostrabismus or false strabismus and will usually rectify itself as the child's face grows.
If I was a NP for this patient, I would perform a visual acuity test by focusing a pen light infront of the patient and then verifying the image was located in the same position of both eyes. If it was not, I would request an opthamology consult for further testing and treatment as noted. I also would perform a comprehensive neuro exam as another cause of strabismus is increased ICP or a lesion affecting cranial nerve II, III, IV or VI. Pt's with increased risk factor to this specific form of strabismus are patients with down syndrome or CP. Depending on the patient's age and if they have fever or other signs of infection a LP may be indicated to R/O meningitis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| information received by the sensory receptors |
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Term
|
Definition
| information received by the sensory receptors |
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Term
|
Definition
| general sensory receptors in the skin, mucous membranes, and special sense organs that provide information about the external environment and about our position within in |
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Term
|
Definition
| a receptor located in a muscle or tendon; concerned with locomotion, posture, and muscle tone |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory receptor monitoring the functions and status of internal organs and systems |
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Term
|
Definition
| sensory receptor monitoring the functions and status of internal organs and systems |
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Term
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Definition
| (1) adaptation in response to differences or changing needs; (2) adjustment of the eye for seeing objects at close range |
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Term
|
Definition
| bend; usually refers to light |
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Term
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Definition
| receptors sensitive to mechanical pressures such as touch, sound, or contractions |
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Term
|
Definition
| receptor sensitive to various chemicals in solution |
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Term
|
Definition
| sense that reports on angular or rotator movements of the head in space |
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Term
|
Definition
| balance concerned with changes in the position of the head |
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Term
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Definition
| the receptor responsible for baroreception |
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Term
|
Definition
| pertaining to the sense of touch |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical messenger secreted by endocrine glands; responsible for specific regulatory effects on certain parts or organs |
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Term
|
Definition
| specific cells that posess the receptors needed to find and “read” the hormonal messages as they arrive |
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Term
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Definition
| gland that has ducts through which its secretions are carried to a body surface (skin or mucosa) |
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Term
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Definition
| ductless gland that empties its hormonal products directly into the blood |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone that regulates the function of another endocrine organ |
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Term
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Definition
| a corrective mechanism that opposes or negates a variation from normal limits |
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| the ground substance of blood plasma from which clotting agents have been removed |
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| the fluid portion of the blood |
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| clumping of (foreign) cells, induced by cross-linking of antigen-antibody complexes |
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| a condition in which the blood has a lower hydrogen ion concentration than normal, and an increased pH |
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| any substance-including toxins, foreign proteins, or bacteria-that, when introduced to the body, is recognized as foreign and activates the immune system |
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| the passage of blood cells through intact vessel walls into the tissues |
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| the passage of blood cells through intact vessel walls into the tissues |
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| stem cells whose divisions produce each of the various populations of blood |
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| the rupture of erth-rocytes |
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| disease-causing microorganisms (e.g., some bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc |
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| y produced by an encounter with an antigen; provides immunologic memory |
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| Antibody- mediated Immunity |
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| the form of immunity resulting from the presence of circulating antibodies produced by plasma cells; also called humoral immunity |
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| lymphocytes whose secretions and other activities coordinate cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunities; also called TH cells |
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| peptides released by virus infected cells, especially lymphocytes, that slow viral replication and make other cells more resistant to viral infection |
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| short-lived immunity resulting from the introduction of “borrowed antibodies” obtained from an immune animal or human donor; immunological memory is not established |
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