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| In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as "geocentrism, "geocentricism," or the Ptolemaic view of the universe), is the theory, now superseded, that the Earth is the center of the universe and other objects orbit around it. Belief in this system was common in ancient Greece. |
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| Major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500's, in which the study of the Natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the Questioning of accepted beliefs. |
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| Heliocentrism, or heliocentricism, is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around a stationary Sun at the center of the universe. The word comes from the Greek (helios "sun" and kentron "center") |
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| An American space probe to Jupiter launched in 1989. It reached the vicinity of Jupiter in 1995 and released a probe which descended into Jupiter's atmosphere |
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| A method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses |
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| English mathematician and physicist; remembered for developing the calculus and for his law of gravitation and his three laws of motion (1642-1727) |
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| A European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith |
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| An implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits, for example by sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection. Theories of a social contract became popular in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries among theorists such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, as a means of explaining the origin of government and the obligations of subjects |
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| English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704) |
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| The study of the theoretical basis of a particular branch of knowledge or experience |
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| (1694–1778), French writer, playwright, and poet; pseudonym of François-Marie Arouet. A leading figure of the Enlightenment, he frequently came into conflict with the establishment as a result of his radical views and satirical writings. Notable works: Lettres philosophiques (1734) and Candide (1759) |
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| Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de (1689–1755), French political philosopher. He is best known for L'Esprit des lois (1748), a comparative study of political systems in which he championed the separation of judicial, legislative, and executive powers as being most conducive to individual liberty |
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| English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women; mother of Mary Shelley (1759-1797) |
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