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| the record of events since people first developed writing, about 5,000 years ago |
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| highly organized societies with complex institutions and attitudes that link a large number of people together |
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| of time before people kept written records |
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| to dig out and remove, to expose to view as if digging away a covering (excavate the remains of a temple) |
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| the beliefs, knowledge, and patterns of living that people develop through living together. It includes language, skills, art, literature, law, and ways of life. |
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| material objects shaped by human beings or the hominids who preceded them. |
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| people who study the artifacts and remains of humans in order to learn about the cultures of these people. |
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| these people excavate ancient settlements and study artifacts so they can piece together information on the cultures of earlier people |
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| a member of a people who have no permanent home but move from place to place usually seasonally and within a well-defined territory |
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| a narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas |
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| term for kingdom, a form of government headed by a king or queen |
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| family of rulers whose right to rule is hereditary |
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| persons of noble or ‘honorable’ rank or birth |
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| form of government that unites different territories and peoples under one ruler |
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| belief in the existence of many gods |
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| civil officer charged with the administration of the law |
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| clerk who read and wrote for those who could not do so themselves |
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| form of government that consisted of a town or city and the surrounding land it controlled |
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| money or goods a woman brings to a marriage |
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| exchange of one commodity or service for another |
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| A person owing loyalty to and entitled by birth or naturalization to rights given by a state or nation |
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| a family, society, community, or state governed by women |
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| a family, society, community, or state governed by men |
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| the power to make appointments to government jobs or grant other political favors |
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| of or relating to judgment |
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| having a strong desire to achieve a certain goal |
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| religious law or social custom |
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| to treat cruelly; torment |
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| a person who joins in a secret agreement to do an unlawful or wrongful act |
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| the expected king and deliverer of the Jews who is a professed or accepted leader of some hope or cause |
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| having moral excellence or character |
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| a professional soldier hired to serve in a foreign army |
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| an authoritative order having the force of law |
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| anyone who does not conform to an established attitude, doctrine, or principle |
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| a written symbol that represents an idea |
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| to come into or acquire some consequence, usually undesirable or injurious |
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| an authoritative order or command |
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| a punishment undergone to seek forgiveness for sin |
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| the system of inheritance or succession by the firstborn |
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| a feeling or attitude of deep respect tinged with awe |
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| Not specifically relating to religion or to a religious body |
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| to bring to or make of an established standard size, weight |
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| placed in or belonging to a lower order or rank |
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| a rushing, violent, or abundant and unceasing stream of anything |
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| a stated sum of money paid by one sovereign or state to another in acknowledgment of subjugation and/or protection |
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| a state of great commotion, confusion, or disturbance |
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