Term
| What is the usual process by which routinely used coagulants work? |
|
Definition
| EDTA and citrate chelate calcium while heparin activates antithrombin II |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between blood cells in birds and in mammals? |
|
Definition
| Mammals have anucleate RBCs and anucleate platelets, while birds have nucleated RBCs and nucleated thrombocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are heterophils? What species have them? |
|
Definition
Leukocytes that stain similar to eosinophils but function as neutrophils.
Guinea pigs, birds, |
|
|
Term
| Where does erythropoeisis take place? |
|
Definition
| Erythropoeitic islands in the bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| In healthy reptiles ____________ are the most common blood cells and _____________ are second most common. |
|
Definition
| Erythrocytes, thrombocytes |
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils are the predominant WBC type in all domestic animals EXCEPT which one? |
|
Definition
Sheep
(Neutrophils are predominant in horses, cats, dogs and pigs) |
|
|
Term
| What cells are present in the buffy coat of a centrifuged anticoagulated blood sample? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells comprise the maturative pool of erythrocytes? The proliferative pool? |
|
Definition
Maturative: polychromic rubricytes, metarubricytes and polychromic erythrocytes.
Proliferative: rubriblasts, prorubricytes, basophilic rubricytes |
|
|
Term
| What cells comprise the maturative pool of granulocytes? The proliferative pool? |
|
Definition
Maturative: metamyelocytes, band cells
Proliferative: myeloblasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes |
|
|
Term
| Which is larger, the proliferative or maturative pool of erythroid cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which have a higher nucleus to cytoplasmic ratio, proliferative or maturative erythroid cells? |
|
Definition
| Proliferative (high N:C vs maturative, medium to low N:C) |
|
|
Term
| Which erythroid pool of cells has the deeper blue-staining cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
| 2 globin chains of one type, 2 globin chains of another type, 4 iron molecules, 4 protoporphyrin rings |
|
|
Term
| What is the FUNDAMENTAL stimulus for erythropoeisis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fate of hemoglobin IRON in adult mammals? |
|
Definition
| Iron stored in macrophages until released into blood bound to transferrin, transported to bone marrow and re-used to form hemoglobin by developing erythropoetic cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the major fate of catabolized hemoglobin porphyrin rings in adult mammals? |
|
Definition
| Porphyrin ring converted to bilirubin in macrophages. Bilirubin released into blood bound to albumin, transported to liver where taken up and conjugated to glucoronic acid. Transported to bile ducts and emptied into intestinal tracts. |
|
|
Term
| What are the products of excessive oxidation of erythrocyte components? |
|
Definition
| Heinz bodies and methemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| Normal hemoglobin has iron bound in which state, ferrous or ferric? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hemoglobin bound to iron in ferric Fe+3 state |
|
|
Term
| Congenital erythropoeitic porphyria (CEP)results in anemia because of what defect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What metabolite MOST influences oxygen-hemoglobin binding and O2 release from hemoglobin in most mammals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What metabolite is MOST important for prevention of Heinz body formation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Heinz bodies? What is the primary cause of Heinz body formation in domestic animals? |
|
Definition
Aggregates of denatured hemoglobin.
Toxic drugs and plants (onions) |
|
|
Term
| What pathway is responsible for NADPH production in erythrocytes? |
|
Definition
| Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) |
|
|
Term
| What metabolic pathway is MOST responsible for producing metabolites that prevent/inhibit excessive methemoglobin production? What is this metabolite? |
|
Definition
Embden-Meyerhof pathway/glycolysis
NADH, secondarily NADPH |
|
|
Term
| What is the "pitting function" of the spleen? Why do cats have higher numbers of Heinz bodies? |
|
Definition
| Heinz body containing RBCs are removed by splenic macrophages. Cats have NON-sinusoidal spleens so pitting function is limited |
|
|
Term
| What characteristics are commonly present in the CBC of animals with iron deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Decreased MCV and decreased MCHC |
|
|
Term
| What are the correct terms to describe erythrocytes produced in iron deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Hypochromic and microcytic |
|
|
Term
| What are polychromatophilic erythrocytes? |
|
Definition
| Young erythrocytes with diffuse gray-blue cytoplasm in Wright's stained smears |
|
|
Term
| What regulates body iron, rate of absorption or rate of excretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large iron stores ____________ absorption while increased erythropoiesis _____________ iron absorption. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What molecule is MOST important in regulating plasma iron levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of granulocytes in mammals? |
|
Definition
| Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils are the predominant leukocyte in the peripheral blood of all major domestic species except what species? What is that species' predominant leukocyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cell types are found only in the granulocyte maturative/storage pools of the bone marrow? |
|
Definition
| Metamyelocytes, banded neutrophils, segmented neutrophils |
|
|
Term
True or False?
Hematopoiesis includes decreasing cell and nuclear size and increasing cytoplasmic basophilia with maturation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False?
The megakaryocytic lineage gets smaller with maturation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Erythrocyte cytoskeletal proteins include what 4 proteins? |
|
Definition
| Spectrin, ankyrin, actin, protein 4.1 |
|
|
Term
| The heme moiety of hemoglobin is a complex multiple ring structure consisting of protoporphyrin coupled to iron. Lead inhibits several enzymes involved in heme synthesis and results in the accumulation of several intermediates in this pathway. Two important intermediates are what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By what mechanism does iron deficiency result in erythrocyte microcytosis? |
|
Definition
| Iron deficiency results in additional divisions of erythroid precursors in bone marrow --> microcytic and hypochromic |
|
|
Term
True or false?
When an erythrocyte is removed from the blood by the mononuclear phagocytic system, it’s hemoglobin is catabolized. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What metabolic products are required for prevention of oxidative damage to erythrocyte components? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which metabolic product is most physiologically important for reduction of methemoglobin to oxyhemoglobin (in normal physiological states)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common RBC enzyme deficiency? |
|
Definition
| PK deficiency - impairs ATP production, shortened RBC lifespan --> regenerative anemia but eventually develop marrow failure [basenjis, beagles, Westies] |
|
|
Term
| What happens in PFK deficiency? |
|
Definition
decreased RBC 2,3 DPG concentration and hemolysis after alkalosis (ie exercise)
[English Springers, cocker spaniels] |
|
|
Term
| What are the four metabolic pahtways in mature RBCs? |
|
Definition
1) Embden-Meyerhof (glycoolytic)
2) Pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)
3) Methemoglobin reductase pathway
4) Rapoport-Luebering pathway |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of lead poisoning? |
|
Definition
| ALA-D is the enzyme involved in the second step of heme synthesis, synthesis of PBG (porphobilinogen). Lead INHIBITS this step, so ALA accumulation and mild anemia. Lead also inhibits the FINAL step in heme formation cataluyzed by heme synthetase - in lead tox, protoporphyrin IX accumulates. |
|
|
Term
| What is a detection test for lead poisoning? Why? |
|
Definition
| Accumulation of protoporphyrin IX. Lead inhibits heme synthetase which convert protoporphyrin IX to heme |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme deficiency leads to congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP)? |
|
Definition
| Deficiency of UROgen III cosynthetase which catalyzes the step of Hgb to correct isomer. Results in photosensitivity, discolored teeth and urine, hemolytic anemia |
|
|
Term
| What is the control for heme synthesis? How is it controlled? |
|
Definition
| First step, enzyme delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase. Synthesis of this enzyme is controlled by negative feedback from heme concentration within RBC (self-regulating) |
|
|
Term
| Approximately what weight of RBC is Hgb? Why is it advantageous for Hgb to be enclosed within a cell? |
|
Definition
| Packets of high O2 can be delivered to tissues, intracellular protects Hgb from oxidation and degradation (would otherwise degrade in minutes) |
|
|
Term
| What is thought to be the reason RBCs are biconcave? |
|
Definition
| Most efficient form for release and uptake of O2 |
|
|
Term
| Aggregates of spectrin bind to actin and other proteins such as protein 4.1 to form ______ _______ that further bind the meshwork to integral membrane glycoproteins called __________. |
|
Definition
| Junctional complexes, glycophorins |
|
|
Term
| What is required for maintanence of shape and deformity of RBCS? How is this produced in RBCs? |
|
Definition
| ATP, Embden-Meyerhof (glycolytic) pathway |
|
|
Term
| What protein binds iron in epithelial cells? In the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The rate of epithelial cell iron transfer varies _______ with body's iron stores, and _______ directly with the rate of erythropoiesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major signal that determines when RBCs are "done?" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is iron stores in tissues? |
|
Definition
| As ferritin or converted to aggregates of ferritin called hemosiderin |
|
|
Term
| Clinically, how can we evaluate iron status? |
|
Definition
| Serum iron (iron bound to transferrin), total iron-binding concentration (transferrin concentration) or tissue hemosiderin |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between indirect and direct bilirubin? |
|
Definition
| Indirect is unconjugated bilirubin, direct is conjugated |
|
|
Term
| 33. Reticulocytes can be enumerated by staining blood with viral stain new methylene blue. What is the substance or structures detected in erythrocytes by this stain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three layers of centrifuged anti-coagulated blood and what are the components of these layers? |
|
Definition
1. (top) Plasma - proteins, electrolytes, fibrinogen
2. Buffy coat - leukocytes and platelets
3. RBCs |
|
|
Term
| What cells are produced from the myeloid lineage? |
|
Definition
| Erythrocytes, neutrophils/heterophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, platelets |
|
|
Term
| What cells are produced from the lymphoid lineage? |
|
Definition
| Lymphocytes, B and T cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in serum and plasma? |
|
Definition
| Serum is from blood that has been allowed to clot, so does NOT have fibrinogen or clotting factors. Plasma is from anticoagulated blood so still has clotting factors |
|
|
Term
| Explain why erythropoiesis and myelopoiesis in bone marrow of animals appear closely related while separate in birds. |
|
Definition
| Birds - erythropoiesis occurs in blind sinusoids and RBCS and thrombocytes don't need to cross endothelium to circulate, but myelopoiesis occurs EXTRAvascularly. Both myelo and hematopoiesis occur extravascularly in mammals. |
|
|
Term
| How can erythroid and myeloid proliferative pools be differentiated? |
|
Definition
| Erythroid pools are very basophilic |
|
|
Term
| How can proliferative myeloid cells be differentiated from maturative myeloid cells? |
|
Definition
| Nuclear morphology - proliferative = round, maturative become segmented and no longer round |
|
|
Term
| Does MCHC or MCV vary greatly between species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Variation in size of RBCs (normal in goats, not normal on most species) |
|
|
Term
| On an erythrogram, what features would suggest response to anemia? |
|
Definition
| High reticulocyte count, increased MCV, decreased MCHC and increased RDW |
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