Term
| Define species resistance. |
|
Definition
| Genetic ability of a species to not become infected by a pathogen. |
|
|
Term
| Examples of mechanical/chemical barriers to infection |
|
Definition
skin, MM, mucociliary apparatus, GI tight junctions
tears, sweat, sebum, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzymes activated during infections, which bind to the invader and cause it to lyse. |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary job of neutrophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary job of monocytes? What two other jobs do they have? |
|
Definition
| phagocytosis - modify antigens for recognition by lymphocytes - release inflammatory mediators |
|
|
Term
| A basophil is a _____ cell in circulation. What do its granules carry? |
|
Definition
| mast - histamine and inflammatory mediators |
|
|
Term
| What are the responsibilities of the eosinophil? Increases may occur with_______ |
|
Definition
| phagocytosis, release of inflammatory mediators - parasitic infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this antibody is a 'pre' antibody; manufactured early in response until IgG is manufactured |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibody secreted in the respiratory and GI tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between naturally and artificially acquired immunity? |
|
Definition
natural= not injected. natural exposure to pathogen or antibody in the environment (or womb.)
artificial = injection of vaccine, or antiserum/antitoxin |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between active immunity and passive immunity? |
|
Definition
Active = stimulates an immune response
Passive = short-term immunity, no immune response |
|
|
Term
| What family and genus is the rabies virus in? |
|
Definition
| Family: Rhabdoviridae Genus: Lyssavirus (Genotype 1) |
|
|
Term
| What factors increase susceptibility to rabies? |
|
Definition
| inappropriate vaccination series, or exposure to wildlife |
|
|
Term
| How is rabies transmitted? |
|
Definition
| saliva of infected animal comes into contact with a break in the skin barrier or mucous membranes |
|
|
Term
| Explain how the rabies virus replicates and travels through the body, starting with initial exposure and ending with clinical signs. |
|
Definition
| Exposure -> replicates in muscle cells -> neuromuscular junction -> travels along axons to CNS -> spreads throughout CNS -> travels to salivary glands -> Clinical signs within 2-3 days |
|
|
Term
| Why might the time of exposure to the time of clnical signs be prolonged? |
|
Definition
| location of the bite may increase distance to travel - can be anywhere from a month to a year |
|
|
Term
| Why are animals quarantined for 10 days after biting someone? |
|
Definition
| animals will die within 5-10 days of showing symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Explain the three stages of the clinical signs of rabies. |
|
Definition
Prodromal = altered behavior - often goes unnoticed
Excitative = hyperactive, unprovoked attacks, stuporous
Paralytic = hind limbs proceeding cranially, may see seizures just before death |
|
|
Term
| Two methods of diagnosing rabies |
|
Definition
Direct fluorescent antibody (dFA)
Presence of negri bodies in brain tissue |
|
|
Term
| The treatment for rabies is always ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is meant by rabies being a "labile" virus? |
|
Definition
| Does not survive well outside of animal - killed with detergents, sunlight, bleach |
|
|
Term
| Any animal that has bitten a human or other animal must be quarantined for ____ days |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the protocol for an unvaccinated animal that has been bitten by a known positive animal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 methods of rabies prevention |
|
Definition
| Vaccination, reduce contact with wildlife, post exposure vaccination even if you are already vaccinated |
|
|
Term
| Vigorously washing a bite wound with soap and water for 5 minutes will decrease the chances of rabies spreading through your body by _____ % |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ORV and how does it work? |
|
Definition
| ORV = oral rabies vaccine program. Packets of rabies antigen are coated with fish meal and dropped in areas where raccoons are likely to find it. When a raccoon bites the package, it's immune system is tricked into thinking it has been exposed to the vaccine, and creates a blueprint allowing for a quick response should they really be exposed. |
|
|
Term
| Which species contracts rabies more often, dogs or cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the scientific name for kennel cough? |
|
Definition
| Infectious Canine Tracheobronchitis |
|
|
Term
What four pathogens cause kennel cough?
Of these, which are the two most common? |
|
Definition
Canine parainfluenza virus, canine adenovirus, canine herpesvirus, Bordetella bronchiseptica bacterium
bordetella and parainfluenza |
|
|
Term
| What is the only reason you would run a culture for kennel cough? |
|
Definition
| If there are liver problems, because adenovirus does affect the liver |
|
|
Term
| What is the incubation period for kennel cough, and how long does it last for? |
|
Definition
Incubation period = 2-14 days
Infection = 14-20 days |
|
|
Term
| How is kennel cough transmitted? |
|
Definition
| aerosoled droplets of respiratoy secretions - common in overcrowded, poorly ventilated conditions |
|
|
Term
| Explain how bordetella is able to set up an infection in the respiratory tract. |
|
Definition
| Binds to mucociliary escalator, decreasing the mobility of the cilia. Secretes a substance that disables the local immune cells. |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical symptoms of lower respiratory disease? |
|
Definition
| Paraoxysmal coughing, expectoration of mucus, classic "honking" cough, Retching, trachea is sensitive for weeks after infection |
|
|
Term
| Diagnosis of kennel cough is based on __________ |
|
Definition
| History and clinical signs - coughing on tracheal palpation - bacterial cultures, blood work, viral isolation |
|
|
Term
| Drugs given for symptoms of kennel cough and to prevent |
|
Definition
| bronchodilators (aminophylline or theo-dur,) anti-tussives (hycodan, codeine, torbutrol,) antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| Non-pharmaceutical methods of kennel cough symptom relief |
|
Definition
| use a harness, lift bowls off the floor |
|
|
Term
| How to prevent kennel cough |
|
Definition
| vaccinate (not 100% but reduces severity,) isolation of new dogs, clean environment, reduce overcrowding, improve ventilation |
|
|
Term
| How often should the bordetella vaccine be given? How long before kenneling should your dog be vaccinated? |
|
Definition
| every 6 months - 72 hours before |
|
|
Term
| What does CDV stand for? What is the scientific name? |
|
Definition
| Canine Distemper Virus - Paramyxovirus |
|
|
Term
| What factors increase susceptibility to CDV? |
|
Definition
| dogs <6 mos old, or unvaccinated dogs |
|
|
Term
| What other kinds of animals can contract distemper? |
|
Definition
| raccoons, foxes, skunks, ferrets, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Are all strains of distemper the same severity? |
|
Definition
| no; range from mild to fatal; we always treat it the same way regardless |
|
|
Term
| What human disease is similar to distemper? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary mode of transmission for distemper? |
|
Definition
| airborne body secretions, including urine |
|
|
Term
| How long after exposure are symptoms seen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How and why is distemper able to replicate and spread throughout the body? |
|
Definition
| Carried to the lymph nodes, spreads throughout lymph tissue to all other lymph nodes in the body. Causes viremia and infects surface epithelium of respiratory, GI, urogenital, and CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fever, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, encephalomyelitis, lethargy, anorexia, diarrhea/vomiting |
|
|
Term
| What will you see in a patient with encephalomyelitis? |
|
Definition
| brain inflammation, ataxia, myoclonus, paresis, hyperesthesia, chewing gum syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What specific parts of the eye will be affected with "eye inflammation?" |
|
Definition
| keratoconjunctivitis, chorioretinitis, lesions on the retina, optic neuritis |
|
|
Term
| What chronic conditions are present with dogs that have had distemper? |
|
Definition
| enamel hypoplasia, hyperkeratosis, CNS problems |
|
|
Term
| What will a WBC count be like with distemper? |
|
Definition
| leukopenia with marked lymphocytopenia, slight thrombocytopenia |
|
|
Term
| What are the ways we can diagnose distemper? |
|
Definition
Clinical signs - rule-outs
Vaccine History
Lab tests:
inclusion bodies on blood smear
serology- compare serum samples
Fluorescent antibodies
Polymerase chain reaction
CSF tap |
|
|
Term
| 3 general methods of distemper treatment |
|
Definition
| supportive care, antibiotics, glucocorticoids |
|
|
Term
| What is involved in supportive care for a patient with distemper? |
|
Definition
| Monitor animal closely, warm environment, pad cage to prevent self trauma from seizures, highly digestible food, fluids with nutritional support, antiemetics, antidiarrheals, anticonvulsives |
|
|
Term
| Why are antibiotics and glucocorticoids given? |
|
Definition
| antibiotics prevent secondary infection, glucocorticoids protect eyes from the overly active immune system |
|
|
Term
| What are the most important things to tell the owner about prognosis and potential life-long problems? |
|
Definition
| Often causes permanent CNS damage - life long problems may warrant euthanasia |
|
|
Term
| What other long-term problems are common? |
|
Definition
| hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD,) rheumatoid arthritis, cardiomyopathies, epididymitis |
|
|
Term
| Best way to prevent distemper |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| concerns with multidog households |
|
Definition
| vaccinate other dogs/animals, isolate for 30 days to allow disease to run its full course, clean everything with 1:30 bleach dilution. An aerosolized virus will last longer in the environment. |
|
|
Term
| what two organs does leptospirosis mainly affect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species are affected by lepto? |
|
Definition
| dogs and cats, skunks/possums/raccoons, humans! |
|
|
Term
| what kind of bacteria is leptospira? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many serovars of leptospira exist? How many affect dogs? How many does the vaccine protect against? |
|
Definition
| over 200; 7 affect dogs; some |
|
|
Term
| How is lepto transmitted? |
|
Definition
| Penetrate breaks in skin or MM - direct contact with urine or urine contaminated water |
|
|
Term
| How long can lepto live in the environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| within how many days of exposure does leptospira spread throughout the bloodstream? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Explain what is responsible for the following symptoms of lepto:
-fever, anorexia, depression, leukocytosis |
|
Definition
| leptospira spreads throughout the body via the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leptospira destroy the endothelial cells of blood vessels and capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leptospira destroy the hepatocytes, causing liver failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leptospira destroy the cells of the renal tubules, causing kidney failure. Toxins remain in the blood and the clinical signs of renal failure are seen. |
|
|
Term
| What other organs are affected by lepto besides the liver and the kidneys? |
|
Definition
| spleen, repro organs, eyes, nervous tissue |
|
|
Term
| Within how many days is the body able to fight off the lepto in most tissues, except for the kidney and liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is there liver damage in all patients with lepto? |
|
Definition
| No - in adults, liver damage is possible. In puppies however, liver damage is inevitable. |
|
|
Term
| Do most lepto cases present in acute, sub-acute, or chronic form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of acute and subacute lepto, and the differences between each. |
|
Definition
Sub-acute: fever, anorexia, vomiting, dehydration, PD, painful abdomen, +/- icterus
acute: fever (103-104,) shivering, muscle tenderness, vomiting, rapid dehydration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| history, clinical signs, FA, paired serum titers |
|
|
Term
| what about the history points to a diagnosis of lepto? |
|
Definition
| more common in hunting and free range dogs, lepto like to live in moist environments like swamps. outbreaks are typically in the fall. |
|
|
Term
| When are the antibody titers compared, and why? |
|
Definition
| Many dogs (1/4 of dogs in MI) have already been exposed, even if they aren't vaccinated. Need to see if the antibody levels are rising. They are compared in the acute phase, and then 3-4 weeks later |
|
|
Term
| What is the FA test done on? |
|
Definition
| urine or impression smears of organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| IV fluids, antibiotics, nutritional support |
|
|
Term
| What two antibiotics are needed and why? |
|
Definition
Penicillin or derivative- clears it from the blood
Doxycycline - clears it from the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| How do we prevent transmission of lepto to humans/other animals when treating a lepto patient? |
|
Definition
| Since it is spread only by the urine, you need a urinary catheter and collection system |
|
|
Term
| What do we need to educate the client about if their dog has lepto? |
|
Definition
| it is intermittenly shed for a period of time, and it is zoonotic - treatment and diagnosis is expensive - long term kidney and liver damage - survival of one strain does not protect against other strains |
|
|
Term
| What do owners need to know regarding lepto vaccination? |
|
Definition
| vaccine may not protect your dog since there are so many different strains. The vaccine is only effective for 6-8 months, so animals that are more at risk need more frequent vaccination. Since leptospira does not tolerate cold temperatures, outbreaks are seasonal and it is most often seen in temperate climates. |
|
|
Term
| What organ changes will be seen on necropsy of an animal that had lepto? |
|
Definition
| multifocal hepatic and renal tubular necrosis seen as mottled tissue, or multifocal hemorrhages of the lungs if the animal had DIC |
|
|
Term
| acute systemic illness characterized by hemorrhagic enteritis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| populations susceptible to parvo |
|
Definition
| puppies, inappropriate vaccination series, Dobermans, Rottweilers, possibly labs |
|
|
Term
| how is parvo transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what tissue does parvo first travel to and replicate in? |
|
Definition
| lymph tissue of pharyngeal area |
|
|
Term
| 3 main tissues of rapidly dividing cells that are affected by parvo |
|
Definition
| lymph nodes, bone marrow, enterocytes |
|
|
Term
| Explain why parvo victims have increased risk of bacterial infections. |
|
Definition
| Destruction of lymph nodes and bone marrow causes lymphopenia and neutropenia (compromised immune system.) Destruction of the villi causes loss of an intestinal barrier. |
|
|
Term
| Bleeding into the GI tract and fluid loss is due to _______ |
|
Definition
| destruction of the villi, and poor digestion and absorption of nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Parvo symptoms that the owner will report |
|
Definition
| depression, lethargy, fever, anorexia, vomiting, bloody, foul diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| Parvo physical exam findings |
|
Definition
| febrile, dehyration (CRT, MM, skin tent, sunken eyes), painful abdominal palpation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| History, PE, clinical signs, low WBC, puppies are hypoglycemic and hypokalemic, ELISA test on feces |
|
|
Term
| therapeutics for parvo patients |
|
Definition
| fluid therapy (crystalloids +/- colloids, plasma transfusion) NPO until vomiting stops, antiemetics, antibiotics, deworming, nutritional support, colony stimulating factor, |
|
|
Term
| what you need to monitor in a parvo patient |
|
Definition
| V/D, urination, abdominal pain, attitude, TPR, hydration |
|
|
Term
| location/set up of cage for a parvo patient |
|
Definition
isolation ward - need dedicated supplies and all employees entering to be gowned, masked, etc.
elevate cage bottom to keep the animal dry |
|
|
Term
| parvo discharge instructions |
|
Definition
| complete dispensed medications, virus can shed for up to two months, live in the environment for 5 months - bleach or throw away everything - may develop food allergies due to open GI tract |
|
|
Term
| what kind of meals should be fed to prevent allergies due to an open GI tract? |
|
Definition
| 1/3 cup cottage cheese, 2/3 cup rice = 120 calories. smaller, more frequent meals. make rice daily. |
|
|
Term
| explain why vaccinated puppies can still get parvo |
|
Definition
| colostral antibodies begin to wane at 2-3 months - window occurs where there is too much anti-vaccine acitvity from the maternal antibodies, but not enough to fight off the virus |
|
|
Term
| feline retrovirus causing immunodeficiency and cancer, similar to HIV in humans |
|
Definition
| Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) |
|
|
Term
| Is FeLV contagious? Does it always cause cancer? Where does it often lie dormant? Is there a vaccine? |
|
Definition
| yes - no - bone marrow - yes |
|
|
Term
| Are cats in urban areas or rural areas more likely to contract FeLV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contains an enzyme called reverse transcriptase (RT.) It takes a single strand of RNA and makes a double-strand of it's own DNA. This DNA enters the nucleus and is integrated with the cell's DNA, and is replicated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Virus is shed in saliva, tears, and urine - has vertical (mom to baby) and horizontal (cat to cat) transmission - often spread by fighting or grooming - lives on fomites for a short period of time |
|
|
Term
| what is the life expectancy of a FeLV positive cat that has already started shedding the virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does FeLV initially replicate? |
|
Definition
| oral-pharyngeal lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| B-lymphocytes and macrophages disseminate the FeLV virus throughout the body into what three tissues? |
|
Definition
| All lymphoid tissue, intestinal crypt cells, bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| how long can FeLV be latent in the bone marrow before it turns into an infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What carries the FeLV virus into epithelial and glandular tissues? |
|
Definition
| infected WBC and platelets that are released from the bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| What factors increase susceptibility to FeLV? |
|
Definition
| Intact males and females, living outdoors, kitten, unvaccinated |
|
|
Term
| What are the three possible outcomes if a cat becomes infected with FeLV? |
|
Definition
1) Not infected due to good immune system or inadequate exposure.
2) Latent infection - body is able to keep it in check, and will eventually either overcome it or become PI.
3) Persistent infection - progressive infection that is constantly shed. May not become visibly sick for months |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Possibly nothing
Recurrent infections (URI or chronic wounds)
Gingivitis, stomatitis
chronic D/V
anorexia, weight loss
non-regenerative anemia
lymphoma
FIA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Feline Infectious Anemia - haemobartonellosis parasite - spread by fleas |
|
|
Term
| What will happen to the offspring of pregnant queens with FeLV? |
|
Definition
| will be still born or have "fading kitten syndrome" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Clinical signs + history
ELISA test (serum or body secretions)
Immunofluorescent antibody test (blood smear)
CBC will show nonregenerative anemia |
|
|
Term
| State the protocol of using the ELISA and IFA tests to diagnose FeLV. |
|
Definition
1) Run ELISA test on serum
2) If negative, retest if signs of FeLV occur. If positive, run IFA test.
3) If IFA is positive, the patient has FeLV. If Negative, retest in 12 weeks.
4)If positive, the animal has FeLV. If negative, retest if signs of FeLV occur. |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take after FeLV exposure for an ELISA test to be positive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
No Cure
Supportive care for symptoms
Antibiotics to prevent secondary infections
Appetite stimulators
Blood transfusions for anemia
Immunomodulator drugs (interferon)- may be toxic to BM
AZT Antiviral drug (many side effects)
Chemotherapy for solid tumors |
|
|
Term
| What is the avg lifespan of a cat that has is FeLV positive but shows no symptoms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cat does not necessarily need to be euthanized.
Keep indoors and away from other cats.
Reduce stress and use parasite preventatives.
Keep UTD on vaccine.
Treat any signs of illness early and aggressively.
Feline leukemia is not human leukemia. |
|
|
Term
| Which takes longer to show symptoms, and can be latent for a longer period of time, FeLV or FIV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| horizontally - through cat bites |
|
|
Term
| FIV significantly affects what cells of the immune system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compared to FeLV, FIV cats have an increased risk of developing what two health problems? |
|
Definition
| renal issues, oral issues |
|
|
Term
| Explain why false positives occur on the ELISA test for FIV, but not FeLV. |
|
Definition
FeLV tests for antigens - no vaccine interference.
FIV tests for antibodies - vaccinated cats will have antibodies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
general cachexia, chronic and nonresponsive skin/ear infections, nervous problems including:
altered sleep patterns, peripheral neuropathies, behavioral problems (aggression)
oral problems |
|
|
Term
| Explain why Feline Infectious Peritonitis is actually a combination of viruses? |
|
Definition
| Infection of coronavirus (FECV)will sometimes mutate into FIPV. Difficult to determine which is the causative agent, so it is called FIP. |
|
|
Term
| FIPV enters the ________ and spreads throughout the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no- only rare cases of survival |
|
|
Term
| Factors that increase susceptibility to FIP |
|
Definition
Most often in cattery situations
3 months-3 yrs old
Birmans and Persians
Immunocompromised, old, etc. |
|
|
Term
| FIP is a slow developing disease. What are the two forms of FIP? |
|
Definition
| Wet form (effusive) and Dry form (non-effusive) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the FIP virus initially replicate, and then where does it spread to? |
|
Definition
| epithelial cells of mouth and nose, then GI tract |
|
|
Term
| FIP virus enters gut macrophages and disseminates throughout the body. What happens next? |
|
Definition
| release inflammatory mediators that increase vascular permeability and attract more WBC's |
|
|
Term
| Explain which tissues FIP infects localizes in to cause the Wet form and which will cause the dry form. |
|
Definition
Wet form - localize in veins throughout thorax and abdomen.
Dry form - localize in liver and lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| The ____form of FIP is associated with pleural effusion and ascites. The ____ form is associated with pyogranulomatous lesions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of the wet form of FIP |
|
Definition
Perivasculitis - accumulation of protein rich fluid thoracic and/or abdominal cavities
Anorexia and weight loss
Depression
Dehydration
Intermittent fever
Pleural, pericaridal, renal capsule effusion
Abdominal fluid wave |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms caused by pleural, pericardial, and renal capsule effusion, respectively. |
|
Definition
tachypnea
Tachycardia
Painful kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Why does FIP cause connective tissue strands between organs? |
|
Definition
| Protein rich fluid leaves fibrin when removed |
|
|
Term
| With FIP, what will radiographs look like? What will an ultrasound look like? |
|
Definition
Radiographs will have diffuse radioopacity throughout thorax and abdomen.
Ultrasound will show pockets of fluid. |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of the dry form of FIP |
|
Definition
surface abscesses (pyogranulomatous lesions)
idiopathic fever
anorexia and weight loss
depression |
|
|
Term
| What tissues will show the surface abscesses caused by FIP? |
|
Definition
| eyes, nervous tissue, liver, kidneys, lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| Abscesses of the eye tissue will cause what specific eye problems? |
|
Definition
| iritis, uveitis, hyphema, anisocoria, nystagmus |
|
|
Term
| Clinical symptoms common to both forms of FIP |
|
Definition
| Mild URI, diarrhea, persistent fever non-responsive to AB, decreased appetite and weight loss, "poor-doer" kittens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
wet form: history, clinical symptoms, fluid analysis
dry form: difficult, lots of rule-outs
Paired serum antibody is inconclusive. |
|
|
Term
| Explain how fluid analysis is used to diagnose the wet form of FIP |
|
Definition
| Rivalta test. Take 10 mls of withdrawn fluid at room temp. Add 2-3 drops of white vinegar. Drop one drop of the fluid into the tube. If it dissolves - most likely not FIP. If it remains a globule - most likely FIP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Patient comfort
Nutritional and fluid support
Immunosuppressants
Drain fluid |
|
|
Term
| FIP Client Ed and Prevention |
|
Definition
Vaccine efficacy low
Pregnant queens can have healthy kittens
Wait one month after losing cat to FIP before introducing new cats
Clean everything with dilute bleach |
|
|
Term
| How is a pregnant queen with FIP able to have kittens that do not contract the disease? |
|
Definition
| Isolate the queen 2 weeks prior to birth. Remove kittens by 5 weeks. Antibodies passed through the colostrum will protect the kittens. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 most common poisonings in small animal medicine? |
|
Definition
human medicines/food
rodenticides
toxic chemicals
plants
rodenticides |
|
|
Term
| When you receive a call about a possible toxicity, what kinds of questions should you be asking? |
|
Definition
what is the suspected substance?
How long ago was the exposure?
Was it swallowed or is it on the animal's skin/eyes?
How is the pet acting and how long have they been acting that way? |
|
|
Term
| How to identify the poison/toxin |
|
Definition
Packet or label if available
Local Poison control
National Animal Poison Control center
Owner needs to bring: package, substance, vomit |
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Term
| common symptoms of toxicity |
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Definition
| muscle tremors or seizures, V/D, excessive salivation, skin redness, mental excitement or depression, bleeding, ulceration of the mouth or skin, excessive pawing at the mouth or licking, swelling, abnormal body temp |
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Term
| What if the owner doesn't know what the pet got into? |
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Definition
| Detailed history - where does the client live? Analyze vomit, urine, feces, or other secretions. There will be a considerable delay in treatment, which is dependent on what the poison is. |
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Term
| General treatments of poisoning |
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Definition
| induce vomiting, prevent further exposure/damage, prevent continued absorption, flush the body, stabilize the patient |
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Term
| Methods of preventing further exposure |
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Definition
induce vomiting, analyze vomit. common emetics to repeat only once:
table salt, hydrogen peroxide, syrup of ipecac, apomorphine, xylazine
eliminate poison from skin and eyes |
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Term
| When should you not induce vomiting? What should you do instead? |
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Definition
| If animal has ingested a corrosive agent (or if you're not sure if it has,) give milk or water instead to dilute |
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Term
| How to eliminate poisons from the skin |
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Definition
| bathe with mild dishwashing detergent (bather needs protective gloves,) e-collar to prevent grooming, be sure to keep the animal warm |
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Term
| How to eliminate poisons from the eye |
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Definition
| irrigate with body temp saline for at least 20-30 minutes |
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Term
| 3 ways to prevent continued absorption |
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Definition
1) Dilution and removal
2) Binding of substance (activated charcoal)
3) Enemas, cathartics, parenteral fluids |
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Term
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Definition
- purpose is to use water to remove stomach contents
- Animal is anesthetized - make sure the ET tube is inflated and monitor closely after extubation
- large diameter tube premeasured to last rib
- Lubricate and pass into the stomach
- Lavage until fluid runs clear
- Fluid is removed via suction or smaller stomach tube
- Dog's head is lowered - consider switching lateral recumbency
- activated charcoal is administered before extubation |
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Term
| How many hours after ingestion have passed until induced vomiting won't help? What is the best thing to do at this point? |
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Definition
| < 2 hrs, create a slurry with activated charcoal |
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Term
| Explain how activated charcoal works. |
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Definition
| Each piece of activated charcoal has deep pores which are able to trap both small and large organic molecules, inhibiting absorption of the toxin by the GI tract. |
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Term
| If enemas are given with activated charcoal, the activated charcoal should be repeated. What is the most appropriate enema? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are cathartics and what is their purpose? |
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Definition
| orally administered substances that increase GI elimination of solid substances such as garbage or compost. Examples include mineral oil and epsoms salts. |
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Term
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Definition
| administer if available, but most poisons do not have an antidote. |
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Term
| It is very important to stabilize a poisoning patient and then monitor. What kinds of things do you need to monitor? |
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Definition
| vital signs, mental status, body temp, V/D, urination/defecation, salivation, blood work and U/As |
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Term
| Minimum database needed for poisoning case |
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Definition
| PCV/TS, Urine specific gravity and dipstick, serum urea and glucose, additional serum profile |
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Term
| Generalized treatment plan for poisoning/toxicity |
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Definition
Identify the poison or toxin
Prevent further exposure
Prevent continued absorption
Administer antidotes
Treat the symptoms
Support and monitor patient |
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Term
| What does ethylene glycol look like? Is it absorbed slowly or quickly from the GI tract? |
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Definition
| clear, colorless, sweet-tasting liquid, colors are often added for detection purposes. |
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Term
| Explain how ingestion of ethylene glycol leads to calcium oxalate cystal formation in the bladder. |
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Definition
| In the liver, alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethylene glycol into oxalate and other metabolites. The oxalate binds to calcium when released into the bloodstream. Calcium oxalate is excreted by the kidney, and forms crystals in the bladder. |
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Term
| Characteristics of stage one ethylene glycol toxicity. |
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Definition
Central Nervous System
- occurs 30 min-12 hours after ingestion
- signs of alcohol intoxication
- nausea/vomiting
- Polyuria |
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Term
| Characteristics of stage 2 ethylene glycol toxicity |
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Definition
Cardiopulmonary
12-24 hours after ingestion
Tachypnea
Tachycardia
Not seen very often in our patients |
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Term
| Characteristics of stage 3 ethylene glycol toxicity |
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Definition
Oliguric acute renal failure
anorexia
vomiting
little to no urine production
swollen and painful kidneys |
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Term
| How to diagnose ethylene glycol poisoning |
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Definition
History of exposure
PE
Blood work
Ethylene glycol test kit
Calcium oxalate crystals in urine
Wood's lamp |
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Term
| Within what time frame does the EGT kit work, and why might it not work for cats? |
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Definition
30 min-12 hours after ingestion
cats have lower minimum toxicity levels |
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Term
| Within what time frame are calcium oxalate crystals found in the urine? |
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Definition
| 3-5 hours after ingestion |
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Term
| Main ways to treat ethylene glycol poisoning |
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Definition
Try to determine the amount ingested.
Induce vomiting - give water in between for self lavage
Activated charcoal
Bolusing fluids
Ethanol, fomeprimole, sodium bicarbonate |
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Term
| What enzyme does ethanol and fomeprimole inhibit? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why would sodium bicarbonate be given? |
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Definition
| reduces metabolic acidosis |
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Term
| What determines the prognosis of the ethylene glycol poisoned patient? |
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Definition
| severity of renal dysfunction, How quickly treatment was initiated (w/in 5 hours for dogs, 3 hours for cats) |
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Term
| What do we need to warn owners about using ethylene glycol? |
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Definition
| danger of toxicity, there are alternatives, be smart about usage/storage |
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Term
| Strychnine comes from seeds of the _____ ______. It is a pesticide for ______________________. What color is it usually dyed? |
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Definition
Indian tree
Mice, rats, moles, gophers, coyotes
Pelleted, red or green |
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Term
| Why is strychnine rapidly absorbed in the intestines? It is metabolized by the ______ and excreted in the ______ |
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Definition
ionized in acidic pH
liver
kidneys |
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Term
| What does strychnine do to the muscles? |
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Definition
| Prevents proper operation of nerve signals to the muscles. The "off switch" has been disabled. |
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Term
| Symptoms of strychnine poisoning |
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Definition
agitation, excitability, apprehension
Tetanic seizures
Extreme hyperesthesia |
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Term
| When owner calls with strychnine poisoning, you tell them to... |
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Definition
induce vomiting
cover the animal with a blanket |
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Term
| diagnosing strychnine poisoning |
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Definition
| detect levels in stomach (vomitus,) liver, kidneys, urine. multiple samples needed |
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Term
| prognosis for strychnine poisoning |
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Definition
| very guarded due to rapid absorption, exhaustion, and asphyxiation |
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Term
| Treating strychnine poisoning |
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Definition
Decontaminate = emesis/lavage, activated charcoal, fluids
Control seizures = pentobarbital, +/- xylazine or diazepam
Muscle relaxants
Prevent asphyxiation w/ anesthetization and artificial respiration
Supportive care (i.e. hypothermia) |
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Term
| How do anticoagulant poisons work? |
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Definition
| antagonize vitamin K, interfering with normal synthesis of coagulation proteins. Ultimately prothrombin cannot be converted into thrombin. Stays in the system for a long time = long recovery. |
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Term
| Clinical signs of anticoagulant poisoning occur within __ hours. |
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Definition
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Term
| Clinical signs of anticoagulant poisoning occur within __ hours. |
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Definition
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Term
| clinical signs of anticoagulant poisoning |
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Definition
lethargy/depression
Pale mm - petechial or ecchymotic hemorrhages
Hyphema
Epistaxis
Melena
Hemorrhage upon venipuncture
Internal bleeding within thorax or abdomen |
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Term
| diagnosing anticoagulant poisoning |
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Definition
history, clinical signs, and PE
Definitive: ACT, PT, aPTT, BMBT |
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Term
| What do each of these stand for? ACT, APTT, PT, BMBT |
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Definition
ACT = activated clotting time
APTT= activated partial thromboplastin time
PT = prothrombin time |
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Term
| Treating anticoagulant poisoning |
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Definition
Isotonic fluids to maintain BV
Vitamin K sub Q - give with fat containing meal
Blood transfusion (when vit K levels rise)
Thoracocentesis
O2 therapy
Recheck clotting factors |
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Term
| Preventing anticoagulant poisoning |
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Definition
Don't use it in your house
Warn people if you or someone else is using it
Keep animals inside
Put poison in spots where animals cannot access it |
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Term
| What is the most common drug toxicity in cats? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain why acetaminophen toxicity decreases the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin. |
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Definition
| forms methemoglobin, a non-functional type of hemoglobin. Results in heinz bodies, hemolysis |
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Term
| Why does acetaminophen toxicity cause liver failure? |
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Definition
| inhibits the enzyme glutathione, which converts iron to the form which enables hemoglobin to carry oxygen |
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Term
| Clinical signs of acetaminophen toxicity within 0-12 hours |
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Definition
muddy/brown MM
difficulty breathing
vomiting
drooling |
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Term
| clinical signs of acetaminophen toxicity within 12-24 hours |
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Definition
| swelling of face and limbs, uncoordinated movement, convulsions/coma, death |
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Term
| clinical signs of acetaminophen toxicity within 24 hrs |
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Definition
| liver failure, painful abdomen, jaundice, abnormal mental state |
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Term
| treating acetaminophen toxicity |
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Definition
emesis followed by charcoal
oxygen supplementation
NAC or mucomyst
Fluid/blood transfusions
Recheck liver values |
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Term
| How does NAC or mucomyst work? |
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Definition
| binds to acetaminophen metabolites to speed up elimination |
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Term
| Prognosis of acetaminophen toxicity |
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Definition
| Depends on how much liver damage has occurred. Animal will need lifetime special care, including special diet, medications, regular blood work rechecks |
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Term
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Definition
| odorless, colorless, non-irritating gas produced by inefficient combustion of carbon containing fuels |
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Term
| How does carbon monoxide decrease the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin? |
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Definition
| Binds to hemoglobin, allowing for less binding sites available to oxygen (forms carboxyhemoglobin.) |
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Term
| Why do "cherry-red" MM occur with CO poisoning? |
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Definition
| Once CO is bound to hemoglobin, it reduces the ability of the other hgb binding sites to release their oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| drowsiness, lethargy, weakness, incoordination |
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Term
| treatment for CO poisoning |
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Definition
| oxygen. as concentration of oxygen increases, displaces CO from hemoglobin |
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Term
| Acid and alkali corrosives cause burns of the __________ |
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Definition
| mouth, esophagus, stomach, skin, cornea |
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Term
| Is it advisable to give an acid for an alkali and vice versa? |
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Definition
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Term
| Treatment for corrosive ingestion |
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Definition
| dilute with water or milk. activated charcoal is not useful. DO NOT induce vomiting. Stabilize the patient. Treat shock and electrolyte imbalances. |
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