Term
| embryologically the eye is an extension of what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1st stage of development of the eye produces what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the optic cup induces the development of the lens, iris, and cornea from what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the optic cup induces the development of what structures from the ectoderm (3) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the optic cup develops lens, iris, and cornea from the ectoderm by what week |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| if a hypoxic premature infant is maintained in high oxygen concentrations for long periods of time, what will happen |
|
Definition
| hyperplasia of retinal vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excess generation of cells |
|
|
Term
| hyperplasia occurs if a hypoxic premature infant is maintained in high oxygen concentrations for long periods of time, what happens after withdrawal of oxygen |
|
Definition
| newly formed retinal vessels shrink and form fibrotic tissue, potentially producing blindness |
|
|
Term
| fibrous tissue forming behind the lens is a condition called what |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| hyperplasia of retinal vessels followed up by shrinking and formation of fibrous due to withdrawal of oxygen results in a condition called what |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 layers of the eye |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| anteriorly the sclera is continuous with what |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the cornea is continuous with this structure which is very important in focusing light rays |
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Definition
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Term
| the conjunctivum eye is very important for doing what |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what 2 strucutres are found in the choroid layer |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the choroid contains what |
|
Definition
| nutrient vessels of the eye, autonomic nerves |
|
|
Term
| the lens is suspended from what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the lens is suspended from the ring shaped ciliary body by several what |
|
Definition
| suspensory/zonular ligamnts |
|
|
Term
| what is the ciliary body partly composed of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contraction of the ciliary body results in what |
|
Definition
| relaxation of the zonular ligaments allowing the lens to relax and thicken |
|
|
Term
| what happens when the ciliary body relaxes |
|
Definition
| zonular ligaments become tense, makign the lens thinner |
|
|
Term
| what is the structure that constricts and dilates to adjust the amount of light entering the eye |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the iris contains what type of muscle fibers |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the aperture at the center of the iris |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what covers the inner surface of the eye chamber |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this structure underlies the ciliary body and produces aqueous humor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the role of the secretory retina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 parts of the retina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the region located behidn the cornea is subdivided by what into anterior and posterior chambers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the anterior and posterior chamber filled with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| teh secretory retina produces aqueuous humor into where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does aqueous humor enter the anterior chamber? |
|
Definition
| through the pupillary opening of the iris |
|
|
Term
| where is aqueous humor resorbed? |
|
Definition
| canal of schlemm, angle formed by the iris and cornea |
|
|
Term
| angle formed by the iris and cornea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| after aqueous humor enters the canal of schlemm, what happens to it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of aqueous humor |
|
Definition
| nourish and hydrate the lens |
|
|
Term
| how often does aqueous humor turn over |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| condition in which aqueous humor is produced faster than it is resorbed leading to increased intraocular pressure damaging the retina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of the drugs that are used to treat glaucoma |
|
Definition
| cause pupillary constriction to open up the canal of schlemm to improve drainage |
|
|
Term
| a thicker lens is used for what vision |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a thinner lens is used for what vision |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the area between the lens and the retina called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vitreous humor, like aqueous humor, is constantly being secreted and resorbed. True/False |
|
Definition
| False, Vitreous humor is permanent |
|
|
Term
| hemorrhages or exfoliated epithelium in the vitreous body are never removed, resulting in what |
|
Definition
| floaters slowly moving across your visual field |
|
|
Term
| what is the retina derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many layers are there to the retina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 layers of the we are responsible for |
|
Definition
| pigment layer, rods and cones, bipolar layer, ganglionic layer |
|
|
Term
| ganglion cells are _____ in the retina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does incoming light first get processed? |
|
Definition
| rods and cones (which is the 10th/last layer) |
|
|
Term
| where do the photoreceptive ends of rods and cones face |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| due to the orientation of the photoreceptive ends of rods and cones, what must incoming light do first |
|
Definition
| penetrate the inner layers of the retina before being absorbed by rods and cones |
|
|
Term
| some processing of light impulses occurs within the retina as evidenced by structures in what layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some processing of light impulses occurs with the retina as evidenced by what structures of teh bipolar layer (3) |
|
Definition
| bipolar, amacrine, horizontal cells |
|
|
Term
| Impulses from the bipolar area go where |
|
Definition
| ganglionic cells in the innermost layer of the retina, closest to the interior of the eye |
|
|
Term
| the central processes of ganglion cells forms what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| capillaries of teh choroid layer supply the outer layer of the retina via what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| capillaries from what artery enters the eye through the optic papilla |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| capilarries from the central retinal artery enter the eye through what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| capillaries from the central retinal artery which enters the eye through the optic papilla supply what |
|
Definition
| inner layers of the retina |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 specialized regions of the retina |
|
Definition
| macula luta, fovea centralis, optic disc (papilla) |
|
|
Term
| oval area of the retina, 3x5 mm, located deep in the eye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the macula luta surrounds a specalized area known as what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the fovea centralis contains mostly what type of receptors if not entirely |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| receptor used for acute daylight, color vision |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| moving away from the fovea centralis, what type of receptors are present |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| receptor best suited for night and black and white vision |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of receptors are almost not present at the outer edges of teh retina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what structure creates the "blind spot" of teh visual field |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the optic disc/papilla located in relation to the fovea centralis |
|
Definition
| nasal to the fovea centralis |
|
|
Term
| specialized region of the retina where no photoreceptors are located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| condition in which the papilla becomes engorged with blood and swells as a result of high pressure within the cranial cavity due to infection, bleeding, or tumor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if a person with pailledema receives a lumbar puncture, what may happen? (structurally) |
|
Definition
| quick release of high pressure within the cranial cavity, potentially leading to a downward thrust of the medulla and cerebellum through the foramen magnum |
|
|
Term
| if a person with pailledema receives a lumbar puncture, what may happen? (name) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the visual axis stems from what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the retina is subdivided into quadrants relative to what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are the quadrants of the retina labeled |
|
Definition
| upper, lower, nasal, temporal |
|
|
Term
| visual field > retinal field: upper nasal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| visual field > retinal field: upper temporal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| visual field > retinal field: lower nasal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| visual field > retinal field: lower temporal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the optic nerve is an outgrowth of what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the optic nerve is surrounded by what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nerves become myelinated by what after they leave the retina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nerves become myelinated by oligodendrocytes after they leave what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| visual pathways: where do nasal fibers go in the optic chiasm and tract |
|
Definition
| cross to the contralateral side |
|
|
Term
| visual pathways: where do temporal fibers go in the optic chiasm and tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| visual pathways: most fibers in teh optic tract synapse where |
|
Definition
| lateral geniculate body/nucleus |
|
|
Term
| visual pathways: some fibers in teh optic tract will not synapse in the lateral geniculate body, but where? and why? |
|
Definition
| directly enter the brainstem to mediate reflexes |
|
|
Term
| how many layers does the lateral geniculate body have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 halves of the lateral geniculate body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| visual pathways: fibers from the lateral geniculate body enter what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| visual pathways: after entering the optic radiations, where do fibers go |
|
Definition
| sweep around the lateral side of the lateral ventricle and pass to the occipital lobe |
|
|
Term
| visual pathways: visual fibers are also called what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| visual pathways: fibers carrying information from teh upper retina are found in what region of the optic radiations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| visual pathways: fibers from the upper retina are found in teh upper region of the optic radiations and traverse what lobe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| visual pathways: fibers carrying information from teh upper retina are found in the upper region of the optic radiation and traverse teh parietal lobe to terminate where |
|
Definition
| cuneous portion of the occipital lobe |
|
|
Term
| visual pathways: fibers leaving the lower retina leave what part of the lateral geniculate body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| visual pathways: fibers represent thing upper retina leave what part of the lateral geninculate body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| visual pathways: fibers representing the lower retina leave the lateral part of the LGB, traverse what regions of the optic radiations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| visual pathways: after leaving the lower region, where do lower retina fibers go through |
|
Definition
| sweep anteriorly into the temporal lobe, curve ocer the tip of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle and then pass posteriorly |
|
|
Term
| visual pathways: after passing through the temporal lobe, where do lower retina fibers go? |
|
Definition
| pass posteriorly into the lingual portion of the occipital lobe |
|
|
Term
| brodmann's area for the primary visual cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the primary visual cortex located |
|
Definition
| above and below the calcarine suclus on the medial aspect of the hemisphere |
|
|
Term
| fibers representing the upper retina terminate ______ the calcarine sulcus, in the ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fibers representing the lower retina terminate _______ the calcarine sulcus in the ________ ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the primary visual cortex is characterized by what |
|
Definition
| line of gennari/striate cortex |
|
|
Term
| structure which represents the termination of projections from the lateral geniculate body |
|
Definition
| line of gennari/striate cortex |
|
|
Term
| retinotopic localizaiton exists within the visual cortex. name the organizaiton from most posterior to deepest |
|
Definition
| macula, paramacular, peripheral retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| light response, consensual response, dark response, accomodation |
|
|
Term
| role of the pupillary light reflex |
|
Definition
| reduces the amount of light that enters the eye |
|
|
Term
| pupils of both eyes constrict in response to increased light shining in either eye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| papillary light reflex pathway: fibers from the retina leave the optic tract and enter what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| papillary light reflex pathway: fibers from teh retina leave the optic tract and enter the brainstem how? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| papillary light reflex pathway: fibers from the retina leave the optic tract and enter the brainstem bilaterally via what |
|
Definition
| brachium of the superior colliculus |
|
|
Term
| papillary light reflex pathway: fibers from the brachium of the superior colliculus terminate where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| papillary light reflex pathway: fibers from the superior colliclus terminate in the pretectal nuclei how |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the pretectal area located |
|
Definition
| between the midbrain and diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| papillary light reflex pathway: each pretectal nucleus sends projections where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| papillary light reflex pathway: each pretectal nuclei sends projections to the edinger whestpal nuclei how |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| papillary light reflex pathway: fibers of the edinger westphal nuclei cross where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| papillary light reflex pathway: what type of fibers exit come from the edinger-westphal nuclei |
|
Definition
| parasympathetic preganglionic fibers |
|
|
Term
| papillary light reflex pathway: parasympathetic preganglionic fibers from the edinger-westphal nuclei exit what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| papillary light reflex pathway: parasympathetic preganglionic fibers from the edinger westphal nuclei exit the brainstem in what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| papillary light reflex pathway: parasympathetic preganglionic fibers from the edinger westphal nuclei exit the brainstem in CN III terminate where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| papillary light reflex pathway: fibers from the ciliary ganglion are considered what |
|
Definition
| postganglionic parasympathetic fibers |
|
|
Term
| papillary light reflex pathway: post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers travel in what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| papillary light reflex pathway: post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers travel in the short ciliary nerves and enter the eye to innervate what |
|
Definition
| pupillary constrictor muscle |
|
|
Term
| papillary light reflex: how is it examined |
|
Definition
| shining a light into each eye |
|
|
Term
| papillary light reflex: what should the test elicit? corresponding responses? |
|
Definition
| constriction of tested eye (direct response) as well as constriction of the contralateral eye (consensual resposne) |
|
|
Term
| reflex used to adjsut the focus of each eye from a distant object to a closer object |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 changes that must occur during the accommmodation reflex |
|
Definition
| convergence, accommodoation, pupillary constriction |
|
|
Term
| accommodatoin reflex: the eye turns medially to fix the visual axes on the closer object |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| accommodatoin reflex: which muscles does converge use |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| accommodatoin reflex: convexity of the lens increases (lens thickens) to focus the closer object on the retina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| accommodatoin reflex: accomoodation uses what mm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| accommodatoin reflex: iris contracts to block light rays from the periphery of the lens, improving the sharp focus of the fovea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| accommodatoin reflex: pupillary constriction uses what mm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| accommodatoin reflex pathway: informatio about the image is relayed back to the brainstem reflex centers and CN nuclei in what fibers of the optic radiations |
|
Definition
| inner(medial)/corticocollicular fibers |
|
|
Term
| accommodatoin reflex pathway: information from the corticocollicular fibers goes where next? via what? how? |
|
Definition
| bilaterally to superior colliculi via the brachium of the superior colliculus |
|
|
Term
| accommodatoin reflex pathway: from the superior colliculi where does information go |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| accommodatoin reflex pathway: from the CN III nuclear complex where does information go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| accommodatoin reflex pathway: the edinger westphal nucleus projects what type of fibers |
|
Definition
| preganglionic parasympathetic fibers |
|
|
Term
| accommodatoin reflex pathway: preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the edigner westphal nuclei project out and terminate where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| accommodatoin reflex pathway: the ciliary ganglion projects what sort of fibers |
|
Definition
| postganglionic parasympathetic fibers |
|
|
Term
| accommodatoin reflex pathway: postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the ciliary gangllion enter the eye and innervate what (2) |
|
Definition
| ciliary muscle, pupillary constrictor muscle |
|
|
Term
| accommodatoin reflex pathway: the oculomotor nerve also innervates which eye muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| accommodatoin reflex pathway: the oculomotor nerve also innervates medial recti muscles which produce what |
|
Definition
| bilateral adduction to achieve converge of the eye |
|
|
Term
| Pupillary Light Reflex Condition: in dim light, the pupil is small and does not constrict further in response to light. It does however constrict during accomodation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pupillary light reflex condition: occurs in syphilis and diabetes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reflex used to enlarge the pupil thereby increasing the amount of light entering the eye in condition of reduce light |
|
Definition
| pupillary dark reflex (pupillary dilation) |
|
|
Term
| the pupillary dark reflex is mediated through what system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pupillary Dark Reflex Pathway: the afferent limb of the pathway is from the retina through what structure |
|
Definition
| brachium of teh superior colliculus |
|
|
Term
| Pupillary Dark Reflex Pathway: the afferent limb of the pathway is from the retina through the brachium of the superior colliculus to what structure |
|
Definition
| midbrain reticular formation in the brainstem |
|
|
Term
| Pupillary Dark Reflex Pathway: from the midbrain reticular formation where are connections made next |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pupillary Dark Reflex Pathway: where does the reticulospinal tract go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pupillary Dark Reflex Pathway: fibers from the reticulospinal tract reach what type of neurons? |
|
Definition
| sympathetic preganglionic neurons |
|
|
Term
| Pupillary Dark Reflex Pathway: fibers from the reticulospinal tract reach the sympathetic preganglionic neurons where? |
|
Definition
| intermedio-lateral cell columns at t1-t3 |
|
|
Term
| Pupillary Dark Reflex Pathway: preganglionic neurons in the interomedio-lateral cell columns at t1-t3 leave teh spinal cord and do what next? |
|
Definition
| ascend in teh sympathetic chain |
|
|
Term
| Pupillary Dark Reflex Pathway: preganglionic fibers leave the spinal cord and ascend in the sympathetic chain to terminate where |
|
Definition
| superior cervical ganglion |
|
|
Term
| Pupillary Dark Reflex Pathway: what is teh role of the superior cervical ganglion |
|
Definition
| provide sympathetic innervation to the head |
|
|
Term
| Pupillary Dark Reflex Pathway: from the superior cervical ganglion, these fibers join the carotid plexus |
|
Definition
| postganglionic sympathetic fibres |
|
|
Term
| Pupillary Dark Reflex Pathway: postganglionic sympathetic fibers join the carotid plexus to reach the eye and innervate what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| condition: loss of sympathetic innervation to the face |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many components does homer's syndrome have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 components of homer's syndrome |
|
Definition
| constricted pupil, ptosis of the affected eyelid, enopthalamus, loss of vasoconstrction and innervation to the sweat glands (resulting in affected half being warm, flushed, and dry) |
|
|
Term
| loss of innervation to the superior tarsal muscle (the smooth muscle component of the levator palpebrae superiorus) results in what |
|
Definition
| ptosis of the affected eyelid |
|
|
Term
| wasting of the adipose tissue behind the eye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which component of homers syndrome is a later sign |
|
Definition
|
|
