Term
| who's the boss of visceral motor activity |
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Definition
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Term
| what is another term for visceral motor system |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the function of the visceral motor system |
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Definition
| controls involuntary functions mediated by the activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands |
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Term
| what are the 2 major divisions of the visceral motor system |
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Definition
| sympathetic, parasympathetic |
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Term
| funciton of sympathetic division of visceral motor system |
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Definition
| mobilizes body's resources for dealing with challenges |
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Term
| function of parasympathetic division |
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Definition
| activity predominates during states of relative quiescence so energy can be restored: Rest and Digest |
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Term
| where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons origintate |
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Definition
| either in the brainstem or in the sacral region of the spinal cord |
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Term
| where do sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 4 brainstem nuclei from which parasympathetic neurons arise |
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Definition
| edinger-westphal nucleus, superior & inferior salivatory nuclei, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, nucleus ambiguus |
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Term
| which preganglionic parasympathetic neurons originate in the edinger-westphal nucleus |
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Definition
| parasympathetic fibers of the oculomotor nerve (CN III) |
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Term
| which preganglionic parasympathetic neurons originate in the superior and inferior salivatory nuclei |
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Definition
| parasympathetic fibers of CN VII and IX |
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Term
| which preganglionic parasympathetic neurons originate in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus |
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Definition
| parasympathetic fibers of vagus |
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Term
| which preganglionic parasympathetic neurons originate in the nucleus ambiguus |
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Definition
| additional parasympathetic fibers that also project via the vagus nerve |
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Term
| in what part of the brainstem is the edinger westphal nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
| in what part of the brainstem is the dorsal motor nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
| specifically where in the sacral spinal cord do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons arise from (what horn, what levels |
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Definition
| lateral horn of the gray matter of spinal cord between S2-S4 |
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Term
| what is the path of the preganglionic parasympathetic neurons that originate in the lateral honr of the gray matter of the spinal cord between S2-S4 |
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Definition
| the axons of these neurons travel via pelvic splanchnic nerves to innervate parasympathetic ganglia in the lower 1/3 colon, rectum, bladder, and reproductive organs |
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Term
| what nerve innervates the upper viscera |
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Definition
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Term
| what innervates lower viscera |
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Definition
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Term
| what are some parasympathetic activities |
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Definition
| constrict pupils, slow heart rate, increase peristaltic activity of the gut, increase glandular secretions |
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Term
| what is the enteric nervous system |
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Definition
| an extensive system of independent nerve cells associated with the gastrointestinal tract |
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Term
| do more neurons reside in the human GI tract or in the spinal cord? |
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Definition
| more in the human GI tract |
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Term
| if you want to consider that the visceral motor system has 3 divisions, what are its 3 divisions |
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Definition
| sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric |
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Term
| what is the function of the Enteric Nervous System |
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Definition
| enteric neurons work somewhat independently of the visceral motor system and help control mechanical and chemical conditions within the gut |
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Term
| where are intrinsic enteric neurons located? |
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Definition
| within the walls of the GI tract in 2 major plexuses: Auerbach's and Meissner's |
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Term
| what are the 2 major plexues of the enteric nervous system |
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Definition
| Auerbach's and Meissner's |
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Term
| what is another term for Auerbach's plexus |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the function of the neurons of the myenteric plexus |
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Definition
| regulate peristalsis/muscular control of the guty |
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Term
| what is another name for meissner's plexus |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the function of neurons of the submucus plexus |
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Definition
| chemical monitoring and glandular secretions |
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Term
| what 3 neuronal systems control GI functions |
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Definition
| enteric, parasympathetic, sympathetic |
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Term
| where does parasympathetic innervation to the GI come from |
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Definition
| dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus |
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Term
| where does sympathetic innervation to the GI tract come from |
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Definition
| sympathetic neurons from spinal cord byway of celiac and mesentary prevertebral ganglia |
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Term
| can the enteric system function without vagus and without sympathetics |
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Definition
| yes. It will still actively digest and move food along. |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons that bring infromation back from viscera to CNS |
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Term
| does the visceral motor system require sensory feedback? |
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Definition
| yes: to modulate and control its many functions |
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Term
| where are the cell bodies of many visceral afferents (GVA neurons) located |
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Definition
| in small ganglia along the vagus nerve |
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Term
| where do axons of GVA neurons project centrally |
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Definition
| into the solitary nucleus of the brainstem |
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Term
| what does the soliatary nucleus do once it has received sensory information from GVA neurons |
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Definition
| integrates the sensory information and projects it onto the hypothalamus for further integration |
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Term
| what is the key controlling center for autonomic function |
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Definition
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Term
| what are some examples of visceral afferent information that the GVAs bring up to the CNS |
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Definition
| nausea, GI distention due to overeating, pulse rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, how full the bladder/bowel is |
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Term
| what is the major organizing center for visceral motor function |
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Definition
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Term
| what part of the brain does the hypothalamus belong ot |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the hypothalamus continuous with |
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Definition
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Term
| what makes up the hypothalamus |
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Definition
| large number of nuclei - each with their own pattern of connections and functions |
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Term
| what is the key controlling center for general homeostatic funcitons |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the path of GVA information, beginning with the vagus |
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Definition
| vagus - NST - hypothalamus |
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Term
| along with GVA information, what else projects to the hypothalamus |
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Definition
| cerebral cortex amygdala, solitary nucleus |
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Term
| what is another term for solitary nucleus |
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Definition
| nucleus of the solitary tract = NST |
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Term
| what does the hypothalamus do with all of the information/projections it receives |
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Definition
| hypothalamic nuclei synthesize converging information and then project appropriate responses to preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord |
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Term
| what types of information does the hypothalamus integrate |
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Definition
| visceral, cognitive, emotional |
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Term
| what is the job of the hypothalamic nuclei |
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Definition
| receive/integrate afferent stimuli and relay visceral motor responses |
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Term
| describe the path of visceral info as it leaves organs as sensory and returns as motor |
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Definition
| GVA from organs goes to the nucleus of the solitary tract. NST goes to hypothalamus. Hypothalamus integrates visceral sensory info with cognitive and emotional info. From the hypothalamus, it will activate either sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves to contro viscera. |
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Term
| why is it that something I see can make me throw up |
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Definition
| info from what you see goes to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus controls vomiting centers |
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Term
| what types of neurons leave the hypothalamus to go to the organs (GVA, GVE, GSA, GSE |
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Definition
|
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Term
| from where (directly) does the hypothalamus receive visceral sensory information |
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Definition
| nucleus of the solitary tract = NST |
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Term
| is the hypothalamus the boss of sympathetics or parasympathetics |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the basics of what the hypothalamus does |
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Definition
| receives information from organs. Integrates it with cognitive/emotions. Sends direct responses down parasympathetics or sympathetics |
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Term
| what 2 neurotransmitters does the visceral motor system use |
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Definition
| acetylcholine and/or norepinephrine |
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Term
| what is the primary neurotransmitter of sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 2 types of receptors that acetylcholine can activate on postganglionic neurons |
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Definition
| nicotinic (nAChR) and muscarinic (mAChR) |
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Term
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Definition
| ionotropic ion channels that mediate fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials |
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Term
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Definition
| G-protein-linked receptors that mediate slower but prolonged postsynaptic potentials |
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Term
| what neurotransmitter do sympathetic preganglionic neurons use |
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Definition
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Term
| what neurotransmitter do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons use |
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Definition
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Term
| which acetylcholine receptors mediate fast excitatory postsynpatic potentials on the postganglionic cell |
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Definition
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Term
| which acetylcholine receptors mediate slow, prolonged postsynpatic potentials on the postganglionic cell |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the result of acetylcholine being able to activate 2 kinds of receptors |
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Definition
| preganglionic neurons can generate both rapid excitation and slower modulation on postganglionic neurons |
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Term
| what kind of neurotransmitter is used by postganglionic sympathetic neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| what is another term for norepinephrine |
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Definition
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Term
| what kind of neurotransmitter is used by postganglionic parasympathetic neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| why is the postganglionic sympatheticsystem sometimes referred to as an adrenergic system |
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Definition
| postganglionic sympathetics release adrenalin/norepinephrine onto their targets |
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Term
| why is the postganglionic parasympathetic system sometimes referred to as an cholinergic system |
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Definition
| postganglionic parasympathetics release acetylcholine onto their targets |
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Term
| what determines the specific effects of acetylcholine and norepinephrine from the postganglionic neurons |
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Definition
| the type of receptor expressed on the target tissue |
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Term
| from where does the heart receive sympathetic innervation |
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Definition
| from neurons originating in the lateral horn of the spinal cord |
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|
Term
| from where does the heart receive parasympathetic innervation |
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Definition
| from neurons originating in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus |
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Term
| what is the function of sensory receptors in the heart |
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Definition
| sensory receptors monitor blood pressure changes in the great vessels and this information is conveyed via vagus nerve to the NST |
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Term
| what sensory receptors are in the heart |
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Definition
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Term
| what neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic parasympathetic neurons that synapse on the heart |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens if blood pressure increases? |
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Definition
| deformation of baroreceptors in the great vessels is conveyed through the vagus nerve GVA fibers to the nucleus of the solitary tract. The NST relays this information to the hypothalamus for integration. The hypothalamus responds by inhibiting preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the spinal cord as well as by activating preganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Inhibition of sympathetic neurons and activation of parasympathetic neurons prevents release of norepinephrine and causes a release of acetylcholine, thereby decreasing herat rate |
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Term
| what is the result of inhibition of preganglionic sympathetics to the heart |
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Definition
| reduced stimulation of postganglionic sympathetics and therefore reduced stimulatory effect of norepinephrine on cardiac muscle |
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Term
| what is the result of activation of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons |
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Definition
| activation of postganglionic parasympathetic acetylcholine release decreases heart rate and force of heart contractions |
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Term
| bladder is under control of what 3 systems |
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Definition
| somatic, sympathetic, parasympathetic |
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Term
| what is the function of sympathetic activity on the bladder |
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Definition
| throughout the day, tonic sympathetic activity closes the internal sphincter and allows the bladder to fill |
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Term
| what is the function of somatic innervation to the bladder |
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Definition
| somatic motor nerve (pudendal nerve) tonically closes an external sphincter to prevent voiding |
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Term
| what are the nerve roots of the pudendal nerve |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the pathway that tells you that you need to pee |
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Definition
| as the bladder fills, visceral afferent neurons project to the spinal cord and ultimately to the nucleus of the solitary tract and pontine micturation centers in the brainstem |
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Term
| what is the pathway that allows you to release urine from the bladder |
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Definition
| hypothalamus/pontine micturation centers initiate descending pathways which inhibit the sympathetics and the pudendal nerve, which have been closing the sphincters. The hypothalamus/pontine micturation centers activate parasympathetics in the S234 spinal cord which cause bladder contraction. |
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Term
| if you have a spinal cord injury, how do you release urine from your bladder |
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Definition
| the ascending sensory information from the bladder as well as the descending motor information to the bladder has been cut off. However, once you get enough volume in the bladder, urination is stimulated reflexively by parasympathetic nerve at the sacral spinal cord level, causing bladder to empty incompletely |
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Term
| what is the problem of incomplete emptying of the bladder in SCI patients |
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Definition
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