Shared Flashcard Set

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Virology
Final Exam
90
Veterinary Medicine
Graduate
04/28/2011

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What viruses are closely related to TGE?
Definition

Other coronoviruses including:

Porcine hemagluttingating encephalomyelitis virus 

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus 

Respiratory variant of TGE - porcine resp coronavirus 

 

Term
How is TGE transmitted?
Definition
Fecal- oral 
Term
What is the pathogenesis of TGE?
Definition

Fecal-oral transmission 

diarrhea within 24 hours, vomiting in less than 2 weeks 

younger pigs more effected than older (because enterocytes are slower to be replaced at a young age) 

 

Term
When is the viral peak of TGE in feces?
Definition
about 3 - 4 days 
Term
How can TGE be controlled in a swine herd?
Definition

Biosecurity - no wild animals 

hygiene 

increase lactogenic immunity - give vax to sow, expose her to virulent virus WT virus and older pigs will not contract clinical disease!

(vaccines not effective with piglets) 

Term
How can TGE be cleaned from a herd?
Definition

Increase the immunity in infected sows - expose them to WT virus from herd (1-2 mon before parturition)

Clean and isolate sows, farrow and early wean the piglets.  

Monitor piglets for seroconversion - if titer is rising they would need to be eliminated 

 

Term
What viruses effect ruminant repoduction?
Definition

BHV1 (pestivirus)

BVD (pestivirus)

Border Disease Virus (pestivirus of S & G)

Cache Valley fever virus (bunyviridae Sheep and goats, cattle too maybe but less important) 

Akabane (bunyviridae - NOT IN US)

 

Term
What viruses effect Swine reproduction?
Definition

Pseduorabies (feral swine contact, southern US) 

Porcine parvovirus 

PRRS

CSF virus 

Term

What virus causes "hairy shaker" disease? 

And what is "hairy shaker" disease?

Definition

Border Disease Virus (Flaviviridae/pestivirus) 

causes abnormal coat and tremors in sheep 

Term
How does Border disease Virus effect pregnant ewes?
Definition

Can cause abortion if infected in the first 90 days of gestation.

Congenital anomalies: Hairy shaker disease, arthogryposis, hydroencephaly

Term
At what point of sheep gestation would Persistant Infection occur?
Definition

If infected between 70 - 80 days of gestation

 

Term
How is Cache Valley Virus transmitted?
Definition
Mosquitoes
Term
What reproductive signs are associated with infection with Cache Valley fever?
Definition

Repro failure: 

Arthrogryposis 

Hydraencephaly 

Term

When does reproductive failure occur if infection with Porcine Parvovirus occurs?

Why?

Definition

If infection occurs BEFORE mid-term of 56 days, 

this is because the virus takes 2 weeks to move from placenta to uterus.

If they are exposed when 70 days - the piglet can eliminate the virus 

Term
Why may a piglets of a litter infected with Porcine parvovirus vary in size?
Definition

Once the virus cross placenta and infects piglet - their growth stops.

The virus then spreads through the uterus to subsequent to piglets, but takes time so it allows them to gain in size.  There may be a range from mummified fetuses to normal piglets in a single litter. 

Term
How can Porcine Parvovirus be diagnosed?
Definition
Best to demonstrate the viral antigen in aborted fetuses, ESPECIALLY in LUNG TISSUE!
Term
How can Porcine Parvovirus be controlled in a herd?
Definition

Expose naive gilts/sows to WT PPV PRIOR to breeding 

- use of killed vaccine 

Term
What are some lymphoproliferative diseases of Ruminants?
Definition

Bovine Leukemia virus 

Maedi-Visna Virus 

Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis virus (jaagsiekte virus)

Term

What is the mechanism of oncogenesis from bovine leukemia virus?

How does this differ from FeLV???

**************

Definition
Action of tax gene is linked to tumorgenesis 
Term
How can Bovine Leukemia virus be diagnosed?
Definition
Agar gel diffusion test 
Term
Which virus can lesions of Maedi-Visna virus often be confused with?
Definition

Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis 

OPA vs OPP

(lets be honest OPP - gross)

Term
Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis is caused from what virus?
Definition
Maedi-Visna Virus 
Term
What nutritional deficiency can be mistaken for Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus?
Definition
Copper deficiency 
Term
What does SMEDI stand for?
Definition

Stillbirth

Mummified fetus

Embryonic

death 

Infertility 

Term
What are the viruses that effect skin and mucous membranes of ruminants?
Definition

Vesicular stomatitis 

contagious pustular dermatitis 

pseudocowpox and other poxviruses 

bovine mammallitis virus 

papillomaviruses 

FMDV

Term
What are the viruses that affect the skin and mucous membranes of Swine?
Definition

Vesicular stomatitis virus 

swinepox virus 

FMDV

swine calicivirus (vesicular exanthema) 

swine vesicular disease (picornaviridae and FAD) 

Term
How can Vesicular stomatitis virus be transmitted?
Definition

Mechanical transmission by fomites

and biting insects 

Virus can survive for a few days in the environment, especially if cool, moist and has organic material 

(MILKING MACHINES) 

Term
How does Cowpox virus infections present in humans?
Definition
As a single maculopapular eruption of the hands or face
Term
How are animals vaccinated for "Orf"?
Definition

Scarification in the axillary region 

this is when humans can get the infection

Term

Clinical presentation of Cowpox virus is most severe in:

a) cows

b) rodents

c) cats 

d) humans

Definition

Answer: C) cats

it is severe in cats, starting as a single lesion that rapidly spreads.

Term
How would you describe the shape of pox-viruses?
Definition
BRICK LIKE 
Term

Cowpox virus is a DNA virus but does not code for all their transcriptional proteins.

True or False?

Definition

FALSE 

the Cowpox virus genome codes for all of its own transcriptional and translational enzymes

Term
Cowpox virus occurs in what parts of the world?
Definition
Found only in Europe and Russia
Term

Pox viruses are DNA viruses so they replicate in the cytoplasm and will have cytoplasmic inclusions.

True or False?

Definition
Answer: TRUE 
Term
What are some clinical signs associated with Canine Distemper Virus?
Definition

Respiratory infection: pneumonia

Encephalitis 

hyperkeratosis of the foot pads 

GI upset

systemic infection

Term

Where in the cell would inclusion bodies of Canine distemper virus be when:

a) convunctival smear preformed

b) vaginal smear preformed

c) brain tissue cytology

Definition

Conjunctiva & vaginal = cytoplasmic inclusions

BRAIN = Nuclear inclusions

Term

Which virus is herringbone shaped:

Canine distemper or Canine Adenovirus?

Definition
 Canine distemper
Term
When does immune competence occur in cattle?
Definition
120-125 days 
Term
When does immune competence occur in swine?
Definition

about 70 days

 

Term
What viruses can cause generalized disease in dogs?
Definition

Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)

Canine Adenovirus 1 (CAV1)

Canine Parvovirus 2 (CPV2)

Term
Canine parvovirus causes generalized disease only under circumstances - what would cause that?
Definition
Young dogs that are lacking in maternal antibody will have generalized disease, otherwise there will be severe gastro-enteritis 
Term
Which viruses cause generalized disease in cats?
Definition

Feline Panleukapenia Virus (Parvo or feline distemper)

FIP

Highly virulent strains of calicivirus

Term

Where does the Canine distemper virus replicate?

 

Definition

This virus replicates in lymphocytes and macrophages, thus causing immunosuppression. 

This will cause the clinical sign of leukopenia, but also weakened the defense against secondary bacterial infections. 

Term
What are the clinical signs of Canine Adenovirus 1?
Definition

Infectious Canine Hepatitis 

generalized disease 

gastroenteritis 

Upper respiratory 

CNS

interstitial nephritis 

corneal edema - "blue eye"

Term

"Blue Eye" or Corneal edema is seen in which virus?

 

Definition

Canine Adenovirus 1 

(infectious canine hepatitis virus) 

NOT CAV2 !!

Term
Why are canine distemper virus and canine adenovirus 1 not commonly seen anymore?
Definition

WIDESPREAD VACCINATION!

although maternal antibody can interfere with immunization in both viruses

Term
What species has canine adenovirus 1 been observed in?
Definition
DOGS, canids, fox, wolf, coyote, bear, skunk
Term

Which virus will survive longer in the environment:

Canine distemper virus or Canine adenovirus 1?

Definition

Canine adenovirus 1 - it is very stable in the environment and can survive for weeks. This allows for natural vaccination because recovered or vaccinated dogs shed virus in urine for 6 months. 

 

CDV is quite labile and is only infective for a few hours.  

 

Term

How does natural vaccination occur with

canine adenovirus 1?

Definition
Recovered or vaccinated animals will shed the virus in their urine for 6 months and the virus is very hardy and will survive for weeks in the environment. 
Term
What are the clinical signs associated with Canine Parvovirus 2?
Definition

HEMORRHAGIC GASTROENTERITIS 

myocarditis 

pulmonary edema 

generalized disease in young dog with no maternal antibody

Term
What virus did CPV2 evolve from?
Definition

FPLV

(Even though it is called feline distemper, it is in the Parvoviridae not the paramyxoviridae)

Term

Paravovirus effects what cells of the GI tract?

How does this correlate to clinical signs?

Definition

CRYPT cells - which are rapidly dividing to replace absorptive enterocytes.  

this causes MALABSORPTIVE diarrhea

Term
Where does Rotavirus effect the GI tract?
Definition

The VILLUS tips (mature enterocytes)

these are not dividing cells. 

Term

The following viruses are spread fecal-orally, but which spreads to the site of repication hematogenously?

a) Rotavirus

b) Parvovirus 

c) Coronavirus

Definition

b) Parvovirus 

spreads through the blood to divide in the crypt cells of the intestine, which are rapidly dividing, then they cannot replace the enterocytes that are normally being lost.

Term

What cell types does Feline Distemper virus replicate in?

How does this effect clinical presentation of the disease?

Definition

RAPIDLY DIVIDING CELLS

Crypt cells: hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

Neonatal cerebellar cells: cerebellar hypoplasia

Bone marrow: Panleukopenia

Term
What are the two forms of clinical Feline parvovirus?
Definition

Post natal: most severe in kittens - GI and panleukopenia

Fetal form: cerebellar hypoplasia

 

Term

Which characteristics describe feline parvovirus:

a) labile in environment 

b) highly contagious

c) high mortality 

d) transmitted by close contact

e) A and B

f) B and C

g) all of the above

Definition

ANSWER: F) 

it is quite stable in environment

is highly contagious

does cause high mortality

and is transmitted fecal-oral

 

(i should write his questions for him)


Term
What are the two forms of FIP, and which is more common?
Definition

WET: More common (70%) effusive- high protein yellow fluid in abdomen and pleural cavities 

 

DRY: Less common, Non effusive - pyogranulomatous lesions of organs, body cavities, CNS, gut, eye

Term

What virus did FIP emerge from?

What caused the difference in virulence?

Definition

enteric feline coronavirus - 

caused by macrophage tropic mutants (which increases virulence and causes clinical signs)

Term

Coronaviruses like FCoV survive best is what type of conditions:

Dry or Moist?

Definition

MOIST = 24-36 hours

dry = less than 24 hours

Term

In FIP, what events happen as the animal gets closer to death (can be more than one):

 

increased complement components 

increased body temp

increased antibody titer

increased immune complexes

Definition

Only the last two

When FIP infected cats get closer to death:

- body temp decreases

- complement components decrease 

- antibody titer increases

- ciculating immune complexes increase

Term
What determines how effectively FIP will spread in a cat?
Definition

FCoV specific cell mediated immunity

expression of IL10

NO ANTIBODY PROTECTION

(may even cause antibody enhancement)

possible Co-infection with FeLV

Term
What other virus is often found in co-infection with FIP?
Definition

FeLV

This causes suppression of the immune system enough to not build an adequate CMI response 

Term
How is FIP diagnosed?
Definition

-Immunoflourescent Assay test: high with dry form, low with wet form.

-Viral antigen in tissues

*diagnosis presumptive by clinical presentation - 

NO single DEFINITIVE TEST**

Term
What are the respiratory viruses of dogs?
Definition

Influenza

PI5 

CAV1

CAV2

CHV1

Canine distemper virus 

Term
What are the respiratory viruses of cats ?
Definition

FCV 

FHV1

Influenza 

 

Term

Canine influenza originated from an equine strain, both have a2-3 and a2-6 linkages, but have 5 amino acids different. 

True or false?

Definition

True 

I couldnt make that up if I tried

Term
What are the clinical signs of Canine Influenza Virus?
Definition

mild upper respiratory disease 

but can have pneumonia 

Term

Dogs are susceptible to horse strains of influenza but are resistant to avian strains.

True or False?

Definition

FALSE

Dogs are susceptible to both Equine (H3N8) AND 

Avian (H3N2 and H5N1)

 

Term
Which strain of avian influenza has high pathogenicity:
H3H2 or H5N1?
Definition

H5N1 

Avian strain that can infect cats and dogs 

Term
What kind of vaccine is used against Canine influenza?
Definition
A killed H3N8
Term
How can Canine Influenza be diagnosed?
Definition

RT-PC: using M protein as target 

AG capture ELISA (using M protein) - not as reliable

Viral isolation - egg innoculation or MDCK with protease

Serology - hi titers by 8-10 day post infection

(6-8 days after onset of symptoms)

Term
What effect does age have on infections with Canine Heresvirus 1?
Definition

Young dogs: generalizaed hemorrhagic disease (kidney, lungs, liver)

Older dogs: genital vesicular lesions, vaginitis, balanoposthitis

Term
What are the major contributors to the "kennel cough" complex?
Definition

Canine adenovirus 2

PI5 

Canine Herpesvirus 1

Bordetella bronchiseptica

strep equi zooepidemicus

 

Term

Ulcers of the tongue are more common with which virus?

FCV

FHV1

FIP

Definition

Answer: FCV 

although feline herpesvirus can cause tongue ulcers, it is more common in calicivirus and also often more severe.

Term

Feline caliciviruses are very resistant and can cause persistantly infected patients, who shed the virus for months to years.

true or false?

Definition

TRUE 

 

Term
How can feline calicivirus be diagnosed ?
Definition

Viral isolation 

RT-PCR of nasal/conjunctival samples 

IFA of Antigen in conjunctiva

Term
Why might limping be seen in cats with calicivirus infections?
Definition
Immune complexes form in the joints
Term
What are the most common causes of feline upper respiratory disease (not just viruses)?
Definition

Feline herpes virus 1

feline calicivirus 

chlamydophila felis

(then comes bordetella bronchiseptica)

Term
What are common clinical signs associated with FHV1 infections?
Definition

Rhinits

sinutitis

conjunctivitis 

tongue and oral ulcers 

corneal ulcers

"fading kitten syndrome"

Term
What virus is "fading kitten syndrome" associated with?
Definition
Feline Herpes virus 1 (FHV1)
Term
Which virus causes corneal ulcers:
FCV or FHV1?
Definition

FHV1

(FCV is more likely to cause tongue ulcers than FHV1 though)

Term
What are the feline retroviruses?
Definition

FeLV (gammaretroviridae)

FIV (lentiretroviridae)

Term
How can FIV be diagnosed?
Definition
ELISA against capsid protein p24 - detects the presence of ANTIBODY
Term
How many serotypes of FIV are there?
Definition
5 - A, B, C, D, E
Term
What are the enteric viruses of dogs?
Definition

Canine parvovirus 1

canine rotavirus 

canine caronavirus 

Canine adenovirus 1 

Canine distemper 

Term
What are the enteric viruses of cats?
Definition

feline rotavirus 

feline reovirus 

feline astrovirus 

toro-virus like (coronavirus)

felinepanleukopenia virus 

Term
What type of cat is most susceptible to cowpox virus?
Definition

Cheetah 

high mortality

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