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| papillomavirus nucleocapsid = |
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Definition
icosahedral
made up of 2 proteins - one v abundant protein and one less abundant
solid capsid to protect virus from UV light |
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| canine papillomavirus causes... |
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Definition
...multiple veruuchas and warts around lips gums and orpharynx
mild |
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| equine papillomavirus most commonly found on... |
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...face/muzzle, ears (flat thickening of skin), genital warts
in young horses |
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| alot of research into Bovine papillomavirus (BPV). Why? |
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| to se eif BPV predisposes to cancer |
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Definition
fibropapillomas on skin in young cattle
sarcoids in horses |
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| fibropapillomas infect and activate... |
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| ...fibroblasts (in hypodermis) and epi cells (keratinised layer of dermis) |
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| cutaneous papilloma (infect skin epi) |
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Definition
papilloma of GIT (malignant) = transforms to bovine alimentary papilloma (squamous cell)carcinoma due to insertion of viral oncogenes into host cell DNA
lesions in keratinised epi of oesoph and rumen
associated with eating bracken fern (full of carcinogens) |
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| why and how do you remove warts on cow teats? |
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| can cause pain when knocked by cluster = cow kicks clusters = nuisance so remove them by caustic substance eg sialicylic acid |
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| mech of papillomavirus causing warts = |
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Definition
| episomal DNA (virus DNA in host cell cytoplasm) makes proteins that go off and effect host cell DNA eg viral transcription factor E2 |
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| t limits papillomavirus cell infection? |
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Definition
| particular cellular transcription factors are req/needed by the virus - thereofre virus can only infect cells which have these transcription factors |
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| NSPs that incr prolif of basal layers = alter cell growth |
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| structural - make up virus capsid |
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| what activates trnascriptioin of late viral genes? |
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Definition
| keratinocytes maturing/ cells dieing |
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| BPV pathology is mainly due to... |
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Definition
| ...E5, E6, E7 viral oncoproteins (from viral oncogene which has been intergrated into euk cell genome) |
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| e5, E6 and E7 oncoprotiens cause... |
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Definition
...incr cell growth and differentiation by binding close to host cell promoter genes = alter host cell growth pattern = incr cell replication = incr viral DNA and replication AND incr risk of cancer
also stop cntact inhibition |
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| spread of papillomavirus = |
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| direct contact or contact with infected material |
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1. BPV 2 = warts on surface of skin and bladder epi = latent infection
2. bracken fern compounds reactivate BPV2 and lead to further neoplastic change
3. tumours in bladder = ulcer and hameorrage = haematuria |
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| difference between equine sarcoids and warts |
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| sarcoids are persistant whereas warts are transient |
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| equine sarcoids is associated with... |
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| 4 diff types of equine sarcoids lesion = |
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Definition
1. fibropapilloma
2. verrucose (warty process)
3. occult (concealed)
4. peri-ocular (around eye) |
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| equine sarcoids can develop into... |
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| ...serious skin tumours :( |
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| do effected horses with equine sarcoids seroconvert? |
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Definition
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| are there late proteins present/made in equine sarcoids |
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Definition
| was thought that there wasnt, but this means equine sarcoids would have to be transmitted from cows, but horses can get equine sarcoids even when had no contact with a cow at all. |
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| horses with equine sarcoids which then get BPV 1 & 2 = |
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Definition
| dont reject virus - they are immunotolerant to BPV 1 & 2 |
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| get extensive CD4+ and CD8+ Tcell infiltartion to site of equine sarcoids infection so why isnt immune system getting rid of the virus?? |
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Definition
| regulatory T cells shut down host immune response against the virus. Get extensice FoxP3 expression (FoxP3 =reg Tcell) in Tcells, tumour cells and fibroblatss |
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| think equine sarcoids is = |
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BPV 1 & 2 in transmission, trying to sp jump from bovine to equine
Evidence for this is fly musca autumnalis has BPV DNA in it |
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| what fly is associted with equine sarcoids ? |
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1.surgical tx - but may reoccur :(
2.immunotherapy - BCG (= rod bacteria injected into lesions = stim inflam response and activate immunity = 60% regress - breaks tolerance in horses and incr immunity)
autigenous vacc with adjuvent made from sarcoids tissue
3.cytotoxic creams kill sarcoids
4. therapeutic vacc amke late/structural proteins in isolation = capsid and no DNA = non-infectious virus that activates immunity - limited success as ideally want immune response to early proteins |
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