Term
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Definition
| the microscopic evaluation of cells |
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Term
The most significant
disadvantage of cytology |
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Definition
The most significant
disadvantage of cytology is the absence of tissue architecture.
The arrangement of neoplastic cells within
tissues is critical in determining the diagnosis of
many types of tumors, in evaluating surgical margins,
and in establishing whether a tumor is benign or malignant. |
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Term
For specimens submitted to a reference
laboratory for interpretation, it is useful for the
cytologist to know |
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Definition
signalment, a brief history, relevant
physical examination findings, previous therapy,
a summary of results of pertinent diagnostic tests, the
site from which the sample was collected, and the
clinician’s tentative diagnosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| increased nuclear size. Cells with nuclei larger than 10u in diameter suggest malignancy. CoM |
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Term
| increased nucleus:cytoplasm ratio (N:C) |
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Definition
| CoM - normal nonlymphoid cells usually have an N:C of 1:3 to 1:8; depending on the tissue. Ratios greater than or equal to 1:2 suggest malignancy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Variation in nuclear size. This is especially important if the nuclei of multinucleanated cells vary in size. |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple nucleation in a cell. This is especially important if the nuclei vary in size. |
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Term
| increased mitotic figures |
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Definition
| CoM - Mitosis is rare in normal tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| CoM - Chromosomes are improperly aligned |
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Term
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Definition
| CoM - the chromatin pattern is coarser than normal. It may appear ropy or cordlike |
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Term
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Definition
| CoM - nuclei are deformed by other nuclei within the same cell or adjacent cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| CoM - nucleoli are increased in size. Nucleoli greater than or equal to 5u strongly suggest malignancy. For reference, RBCs are 5 to 6 u in cats and 7 to 8 u in dogs. |
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Term
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Definition
| CoM - nucleoli are fusiform or have other angular shapes; instead of their normal round to slightly oval |
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Term
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Definition
| CoM - nucleolar shape or size varies. This is especially improtant if the variation is within the same nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
Tumor type – cell size – cell shape – cellularity – clumps or clusters
Epithelial – large – round to caudate – usually high – common |
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Term
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Definition
Tumor type – cell size – cell shape – cellularity – clumps or clusters
Mesenchymal – sm to med – spindle to stellate – usually low – uncommon |
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Term
| CTT - Discrete round cell |
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Definition
Tumor type – cell size – cell shape – cellularity – clumps or clusters
Discrete round cell – sm to med – round – usually high (except histiocytoma) - uncommon |
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Term
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Definition
| The image contains numerous squamous epithelial cells. A large proportion of these show larger nuclei than expected for the degree of cytoplasmic maturation and some cells show prominent criteria for malignancy. These include high nucleocytoplasmic ratio, large nuclei with coarse granular chromatin, prominent multiple nucleoli with frequent macronucleoli, and moderate anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. There is mild infiltration by neutrophils in good morphological condition without evidence of sepsis. |
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Term
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Definition
The image contains numerous squamous epithelial cells. A large proportion of these show larger nuclei than expected for the degree of cytoplasmic maturation and some cells show prominent criteria for malignancy. These include high nucleocytoplasmic ratio, large nuclei with coarse granular chromatin, prominent multiple nucleoli with frequent macronucleoli, and moderate anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. There is mild infiltration by neutrophils in good morphological condition without evidence of sepsis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The images shows several large oval to spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells characterized by a moderate amount of moderately basophilic cytoplasm containing a variable number of small clear vacuoles, high nucleocytoplasmic ratio, large oval nuclei with moderate to coarse granular chromatin, multiple small nucleoli, and moderate to marked anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The images shows several large oval to spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells characterized by a moderate amount of moderately basophilic cytoplasm containing a variable number of small clear vacuoles, high nucleocytoplasmic ratio, large oval nuclei with moderate to coarse granular chromatin, multiple small nucleoli, and moderate to marked anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. |
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Term
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Definition
The image shows several melanoblasts characterized by a moderate to large amount of moderately basophilic cytoplasm containing numerous brown to green-black melanin granules, high nucleocytoplasmic ratio, medium-sized to large round nuclei with coarse granular chromatin, prominent multiple nucleoli of variable shapes and sizes, and moderate to severe anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. The background contains numerous free melanin granules. |
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Term
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Definition
The image shows several discrete histiocytic cells showing prominent criteria for malignancy. These consist of high nucleocytoplasmic ratio, deeply basophilic, often vacuolated cytoplasm, large eccentrically located nuclei with coarse granular chromatin, prominent multiple nucleoli, and severe anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. |
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Term
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Definition
The image contains several large osteoblasts showing prominent criteria for malignancy. These show high nucleocytoplasmic ratio, a moderate amount of basophilic cytoplasm, large round to oval eccentrically located nuclei with coarse granular chromatin, prominent multiple nucleoli, and moderate to severe anisocytosis and anisokaryosis.
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Term
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Definition
- groups of cells
- increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio
- plemorphism
- vacolated cytoplasm
- basophilic cytoplasm
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Term
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Definition
The image shows several neutrophils in fair to poor morphological condition with few poorly vacuolated macrophages and erythrocytes. There are several thin filamentous rod-shaped bacteria within and between the neutrophils. Bacterial culture identified the bacteria as Actinomyces viscosus. |
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Term
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Definition
The image shows a small amount of mucoid material, two neutrophils in fair to poor morphological condition, and a macrophage. Numerous pleomorphic rod shaped bacteria are present. A large proportion of these are of seagull-shaped, suggesting campylobacter. There is no evidence of giardia or sporulated Clostridium organisms, or cells suspicious of neoplasia.
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Term
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Definition
This field includes several neutrophils, a few of which contain bacteria in pairs or in chains. The presence of intracellular bacteria can help to confirm an infectious component when an inflammatory process is observed. |
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Term
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Definition
| taking a variety of shapes and forms; multiple morphologies |
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Term
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Definition
| - a degenerative state of the cell nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| fragmentation of a cell nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| disintegration and dissolution of a cell nucleus when a cell dies |
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Term
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Definition
| A small, typically round granular body composed of protein and RNA in the nucleus of a cell. A small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase |
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