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Definition
- monosaccharide
- simplest smallest dietary carb
- used to make ATP through glycolysis
- excess glucose is converted to glycogen (stored in liver) or converted to fat (stored in adipose tissue) |
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Definition
- adenosine triphosphate
- the chemical energy used by cells |
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Definition
| divided into 3 categories, starches, sugars, and cellulose |
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Definition
| – monosaccharides and disaccharides that come from fruits, sugar cane, honey, milk and sugar beets |
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Definition
| polysaccharides that come from grains, root vegetables, and legumes |
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Definition
| polysaccharides that are found in most vegetables |
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Definition
| simplest and smallest form of dietary carbs |
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Definition
| the 1st step of cellular respiration that converts glucose into lactate or pyruvate and releases a small amt of ATP |
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Term
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Definition
- the group of fatty or fatlike substances that are insoluble in water.
- Alcohol, ether, chloroform and other nonpolar substances can, however, dissolve them
- 4 major categories
neutral fats
phospholipids
steroids
other lipoid substances |
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Term
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Definition
- a lipid composed of three fatty acids and a glycerol
- aka triglycerides
- fatty acids are classified depending on the # of carbon atoms in backbone of molecule
long chain, med chain, short chain
- known as fats when solid and oils when liquid
- liver can convert one fatty acid to another
essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized
linoleic acid, linolenic acid and arachidonic acids
- neutral fats contain over 2x as much potential energy by weight as protein or carbs
- aids absorption of the fat-soluble vit A, D, E, and K
- stored SQ fat is an important insulator
- fat surrounds and cushions vital organs such as heart, kidneys and eyes |
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Term
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Definition
- aka volatile fatty acids
- main energy source for ruminants
- created by the microbial fermentation of cellulose in the rumen and in the colon of nonruminant herbivores
- common VFAs incl acetic acid and porpionate |
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Term
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Definition
- a modified simple sugar
- - the main component of triglycerides/neutral fats along w/ 3 fatty acids
- soluble in water and alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
- a glycerol composed of 3 fatty acids, which are the main storage form of water-insoluble lipids
- 3 chains of fatty acid molecules attached to a single molecule of glycerol
- aka neutral fats
- the major energy source for hepatocytes (liver cells ) and skeletal muscle cells, which are some of the most active cells in the body |
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Term
| Saturated fatty acids (saturated fats) |
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Definition
- fatty acids w/ single bonds between carbon atoms; full complement of hydrogen
- called saturated because the max # of hydrogen atoms are attached to the chain of carbon atoms
- tend to have long chains and primarily found in meat and dairy foods, such as milk, cheese, cream, lard, and butter
- coconuts are one of the few plant sources of saturated fats |
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Term
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Definition
- one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms; not a full complement of hydrogen atoms
monosaturated and polyunsaturated |
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Term
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Definition
| a neutral fat; triglycerides |
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Term
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Definition
| - unsaturated fatty acids such as linolenic, arachidonic, and linoleic fatty acids that are necessary for normal body fxns, yet are not synthesized by the body in sufficient amts, therefore must be supplemented by diet |
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Term
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Definition
- modified triglycerides derived primarily from the cell membranes of plant and animal cells
- composed of 3 parts; phosphorus, fatty acids and a nitrogenous base
- any lipid that contains phosphorus
- are the main components of the cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
- lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton that contains four fused flat interlocking rings of hydrocarbons
- cholesterol and the steroid hormones are examples of steroids in the animal
- dramatically different from neutral fats |
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Term
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Definition
- a steroid alcohol that is found in many fat-based tissues throughout the body
- cholesterol can be synthesized in the body or obtained through diet |
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Term
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Definition
- lg organic compounds that are composed of amino acids help in peptide bonds to form polypeptides
- are synthesized by all living things
- essential for the basic maint of animal tissue |
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Term
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Definition
- an amino acid that is produced in the body in sufficient amounts; it does have to be supplemented by diet
- diff spp produce diff nonessential amino acids; therefore what may be nonessential in one spp may be essential in another |
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Term
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Definition
- an amino acid that cannot be produced in sufficient amounts; therefore it must be obtained through diet
- diff spp have diff amino acid needs |
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Term
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Definition
| - covalent joining of one amino acid to another to form peptides, which are the foundations of proteins |
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Definition
| chains of more than 10 amino acids, aka oligopeptides |
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Term
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Definition
- when the rate of protein synthesis equals the rate of protein breakdown in the healthy animal
- in other words, the amt of nitrogen ingested in the form of protein equals the amt excreted in urine and feces
- nitrogen from protein is packaged by the liver as a molecule called blood urea nitrogen before it is excreted by the kidney |
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Term
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Definition
- occurs when the body is incorporating more protein into tissues than it is breaking down to make energy (ATP)
- happens normally during healing, pregnancy because of growing fetus, growing animals
- certain hormones called anabolic hormones accelerate protein synthesis and growth (ex: pituitary growth hormone stimulates tissue growth in young animals and conserves protein in mature animas. Sex hormones trigger growth spurts. Growth and lactation increase the protein requirements in animals above what is needed for body maintenance and exertional work or exercise |
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Term
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Definition
- occurs when protein breakdown exceeds the amount of protein being incorporated into tissues
- occurs during phys/emotional stress – infxn, injury, debilitation – and during starvation, or when quantity of dietary protein is poor
- glucocorticoids released during stress enhance protein breakdown and the conversion of amino acids to glucose
- cats are specifically adapted to a high protein diet and commonly manufacture proteins from the amino acids released from glucogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
- the total nitrogen content of a feed mult by 6.25.
- gives a close approx. of the protein content in a particular feed |
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Term
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Definition
- the percentage of absorbable protein that is available for productive body functions
- defines the amount of amino acids available for metabolic processes |
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Definition
- absorbed through gut wall when water absorbed in GI tract
- incl Vit C and 8 if the B complex vit
- exception is Vit B12 which must bind to gastric intrinsic factor before absorbed
- very sm amts of water-sol vit stroed in body, excesses not used w/in an hr are excreted in urine, therefore hypervitaminosis very rare |
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Term
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Definition
- incl A, D, E, and K
- bind to ingested lipids before absorbed w/ ingesta
- if fat absorption is impaired then fat-sluble vit are too
- except for Vit K, f-s vit are strored in body so vitamin toxicity due to hypervitaminosis may result
- (ex: liver high in vit A, so too much liver fed may induce a toxic condition |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule from which an animal can manufacture a vitamin, such as beta carotene |
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Term
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Definition
- molecules that contain an odd # if ekectrons, making them highly reactive with other molecule
- bond to other molecules in the body, creating a new free radical that often causes a chain reaction of free radical formation |
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